Vladimir Putin Has Become Another Tsar

As a young man Vladimir Putin appeared to be a loyal Communist, just as his compatriot, Donald J. Trump appeared to be a loyal American; in truth they are loyal only to themselves. Putin rose through the ranks through faithful service to the Communist Party, deceiving his Comrades into believing that he could serve any cause apart from his own Ego. Both Trump and Putin are liars who cannot be trusted.

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Why Putin Won’t Be Marking the Hundredth Anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution

By Masha LipmanNovember 3, 2017

On November 7th, the dwindling tribe of Communist Party loyalists and nostalgists will commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution. Vladimir Putin, however, has made it clear that the centenary is not an occasion for state celebration. While the foreign press has published countless perspectives on Lenin and Trotsky, Soviet Communism, and the global influence of those revolutionary days, as far as the Kremlin is concerned, November 7th in Russia should be an ordinary working day. Why that’s so is at the very center of Putin’s political outlook and his view of the history of the Russian state.

John Reed, the American journalist who is buried in the necropolis of the Kremlin wall, called his classic account of the Bolshevik Revolution “Ten Days That Shook the World.” It was indeed a colossal upheaval. In 1917, the Romanov dynasty was overturned, and the Bolsheviks prevailed over less radical factions; by the following year, the three-hundred-year-old Russian Empire was over. The Bolsheviks executed Nicholas II and his family. They set out to exterminate the peasantry, the nobility, and the clergy; they uprooted Russian traditional national identity and faith. The Bolsheviks enforced a new, “classless” society and a new ideological culture in place of imperial Russia.

In the Soviet Union, the Bolshevik revolution became a foundational myth complete with a founding father, Lenin, who, despite his mortal expiration in January, 1924, was officially declared “forever alive” and put on display in the mausoleum outside the Kremlin walls. The Revolution’s formal name was the Great October Socialist Revolution, or Veliky Oktyabr’ (“Great October”). In the first grade, a child became an Oktyabrionok, a descendant of Oktyabr’; as primary-schoolers, we all wore a star-shaped pin with an image of Lenin as a curly-headed little boy. Seven-year-olds across the eleven time zones of the Soviet state sang, “We are happy kids / October kids / We are given this name / in honor of the October victory.”

Each year on November 7th, the Great October anniversary was commemorated all over the Soviet Union. (A calendar reform was one of many revolutionary transformations.) Even as late as the nineteen-seventies and eighties, as Communist ideology was fading, we celebrated the Revolution with parades and rallies. Streets and squares were renamed not just after the Revolution itself but after its anniversaries: in Moscow, we had Ten Years of October Street and Fifty Years of October Street; in 1977, a plaza near the Kremlin was renamed Sixty Years of October Square.

Most of these names are still around today. Lenin’s embalmed body is still in the mausoleum, and countless statues of him remain standing. And yet the Bolshevik Revolution has been all but absent in the official discourse. This process of disappearing began not long after the collapse of the Soviet Union. In 1996, Boris Yeltsin stripped the November 7th holiday of its origin, renaming it the Day of Accord and Reconciliation, but the new name sounded meaningless amid the discord and turmoil associated with his rule. In 2004, Putin cancelled the holiday altogether.

In this centenary year, discussion of “Great October” is limited almost entirely to academic conferences and small intellectual venues, and Russian officials avoid the subject. Last week, Dmitri Peskov, Putin’s spokesman, said that the Kremlin is planning no Revolution-related events. “What’s the point of celebrating, anyway?” he added.

The crucial political point here is that, while the Communist-era narrative and Soviet leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev hailed the revolutionary rupture—the abrupt destruction of the ancien régime and the advent of the brave new world–– Putin is deeply averse to any abrupt political shifts. He is a distinctly anti-revolutionary conservative, deeply apprehensive of any grassroots challenge. To Putin, all signs of independent public activism and protest are a challenge to stability––specifically, the stability of his rule.

“Too often in our national history, instead of an opposition to the government, we faced opposition to Russia itself,” Putin said in 2013. “And we know how that ends. It ends with the destruction of the state itself.”

Back in 1989, as a K.G.B. officer stationed in Dresden, Putin experienced the decline of Soviet power with great alarm. Once in power himself, he watched unrest in Georgia, Ukraine, Central Asia, and the Middle East end in the overthrow of even the toughest-seeming authoritarian governments. He saw these examples of political tumult as warnings. When protesters came out in force in 2011, demanding a “Russia Without Putin,” Putin made it plain that he would show little tolerance. Putin’s goals—to keep Russian society quiescent and demobilized; to make sure that Russian élites remain loyal to him—are at the root of his evasive stance on divisive issues of Soviet history and his near silence on the Bolshevik Revolution.

The history here is tricky. After 1991, as the Yeltsin government tried to build a post-Soviet Russian nation on anti-Communist grounds, the Revolution of 1917 was commonly referred to as a “tragedy” and a “catastrophe.” Liberal intellectuals and journalists insisted that Russia come to terms with the past by exposing the evils of the Communist regime. This initiative, which was somewhat similar to “truth and reconciliation” efforts in post-apartheid South Africa, failed dramatically. Instead of reconciling Russian society, the process exacerbated political divisions, which ran deeper than many had imagined. These ideological divides, coupled with the many economic and political failures of the Yeltsin era, helped pave the way to the rise of Putin and stability as the ultimate political value.

In 1999, Putin inherited a Russia that was in a state of misery, exhaustion, and turmoil—as Putin put it, “in a condition of division, internally separated.” He opted for a different means of reconciliation: instead of taking a “let’s talk about it” approach, he resorted to a remedy of obfuscation and oblivion. Public discussions about divisive and disquieting subjects—the roles of Lenin and Stalin in Soviet history, the Communist dictatorship, mass repressions––became increasingly marginalized in the official discourse of political life and in the media. The Kremlin’s official stance on these issues grew blurred.

In particular, Putin played down the major upheavals of the twentieth century, from the collapse of Russian statehood, in 1917, to the collapse of the Soviet Union, in 1991. Instead, he tried to create a more expansive view of history, minimizing the turmoil of revolutionary Russia. “Russia,” he said, “did not begin either in 1917, or in 1991. We have a single, uninterrupted history spanning over a thousand years.”

As the hundredth anniversary of Great October drew close, Putin, in his annual address to parliament, said, “The centennial is a reason . . . to turn to the causes and the very nature of revolutions in Russia.” But, rather than elaborating on the causes of revolution, Putin switched to his perpetual theme: “We need history’s lessons primarily for reconciliation and for strengthening the social, political and civil concord that we have managed to achieve.”

In Putin’s Russia, “reconciliation” means universal loyalty to the regime. As long as one pledges allegiance to the regime and shares its anti-Western and anti-liberal stance, one can be a Communist or a monarchist, an admirer of Stalin or Brezhnev or a worshipper of Nicholas II. Unlike Soviet Communism, Putin’s regime draws on ideological evasiveness, not rigidity.

As a result, despite Putin’s command of the regime, his control of the media, and his intolerance of political dissent, ideas and historical perceptions vary quite widely—and the centenary has made plain to what extent Russia is not an ideological monolith. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation, one of the four parliamentary parties, has just launched week-long celebrations of the revolution anniversary in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The events include “the 19th international meeting of communist and workers’ parties,” a wreath-laying ceremony at Lenin’s Tomb, and a visit to the great man’s old Kremlin offices. The Party published a list of slogans for the centennial: “Long live the socialist revolution!”; “Lenin-Stalin-Victory”; “Glory to the achievements of Great October”; “Revolutions are the locomotives of history”; “Revolution has happened, Revolution is alive.” The Kremlin, of course, will not join the Communist festivities, but neither does it interfere with the Party extolling the revolution. Meanwhile, the leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church refers to the revolution as a “spiritual catastrophe” and is commemorating 1917 as “the beginning of an era of persecutions” and of the first assassinations of “new martyrs”—the countless clergy executed by the Bolsheviks. A reliquary of the new martyrs has been travelling around Russia in commemoration of the anniversary.

And yet, despite the profoundly different ways in which the Communist Party and the Russian Orthodox Church are treating this centenary moment, the leaders of both institutions are willing contributors to Putin’s reconciliation project. They easily dismiss their past and present differences as minor, and cordially greet each other. Both are utterly loyal to one figure: Vladimir Putin.

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Putin has demonstrated through his actions that he is a selfish, greedy, corrupt Capitalist hoarder, little better than the evil Romanovs whose Bloodline was justly removed from the Earth. He knows that he stopped representing Communism along with the Russian People in order to establish himself as a clear ‘enemy of the people’, another Tsar deserving the same fate. This is the only reason why he -acting as both the head of the Church and State- arranged for the evil Romanovs to be Canonized by the Russian Church. They might as well Cononize Adolf Hitler.

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How Putin Uses Russian Orthodoxy to Grow His Empire

Feb 22nd, 2019

When Vladimir Putin rose to the presidency of Russia in 2000, he inherited the remains of a once-fearsome communist-atheist imperial state.

In the intervening 19 years, he has transformed Russia back into an imperial power with global ambitions. One of his key tools in that transformation has been the Russian Orthodox Church.

Putin often invokes the Russian Orthodox Church in his public speeches, giving the church a much more prominent place in Russian political life than under his predecessors. But these invocations hardly seem sincere in the religious sense. Rather, he has used the church to justify Russian expansion and to try to discredit the West’s influence in Eastern Europe.

Many conservative figures in America, including Pat Buchanan and Franklin Graham, have been attracted to Putin’s rhetoric, with its heavy emphasis on traditional Western-Christian values and its seeming rejection of the culture of “degradation and primitivism,” which Putin says has produced “a moral crisis in the West.”

Putin has cleverly cast himself as a belligerent in the culture war. In doing so, he has appealed to some conservatives in America who have grown skeptical of the liberal democratic tradition inherited from the Enlightenment, which they believe contains the seeds of America’s spiritual and cultural demise.

Putin has set himself up as a defender of traditional morality—for instance, by opposing homosexuality, penalizing divorce, and supporting the “traditional family.” He loves to pose for photo-ops with the Russian Patriarch Kirill, and has even published calendars of himself featuring traditional liturgical celebrations.   

But recent conflicts with Ukraine suggest that Putin’s public affinity for Christianity may have more to do with geopolitics than religious sincerity. After Russia annexed Crimea in 2014, Putin sought to justify his action by pointing to a shared religious and cultural history:

Everything in Crimea speaks of our shared history and pride. This is the location of ancient Khersones, where Prince Vladimir was baptized. His spiritual feat of adopting Orthodoxy predetermined the overall basis of the culture, civilization, and human values that unite the peoples of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.

The Russian Orthodox Church has been in lockstep with Putin, and has in fact served to advance his ends. A case in point is its position on the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.

Since the year 1686, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church had been under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Moscow. But last October, the Ukrainian church announced that after 332 years, it was splitting with the Patriarchate of Moscow in an attempt to gain independence from Russia. This split was facilitated by Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko and approved by the head of the Orthodox Church, the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, based in Turkey.

Yet the Russian Orthodox Church protested and said the split was illegitimate. It continues to maintain that the Patriarchate of Moscow holds jurisdiction beyond Russian borders into Ukraine and Belarus.

This religious split comes amid heightened political tensions between Ukraine and Russia, seen most recently in the arrest and subsequent detainment of 24 Ukrainian sailors by Russia last November.

Astonishingly, Putin blamed Ukrainian politicians for the church split, accusing them of “meddling” in the church’s affairs and dismissing the Ukrainian church’s departure as a “secular political project.” He then positioned Russia as somehow a defender of religious freedom, saying, “We reserve the right to react and do everything to protect human rights, including the freedom of worship.”

This is blatantly hypocritical of Putin. The Associated Press recently discovered that the Russian government was itself guilty of “meddling” by attempting to hack into Ukrainian Orthodox Church emails. It appears the now-infamous Russian hacking group “Fancy Bear” had been targeting Bartholomew’s correspondences with Ukraine leading up to the decision to grant the Ukrainian Church independence.

Putin is seeking to tighten his grip on Ukraine and Belarus, as well as expand Russian influence further into Eastern and Central Europe. He will undoubtedly continue to promote Orthodoxy in the process. This is simply an attempt to seduce former Soviet republics back under the sway of Russia. 

The Kremlin’s use of Orthodox Christianity makes perfect sense, given religious trends in the region. Orthodox Christianity has enjoyed a marked revival in Eastern Europe in the last two decades. In nine of Russia’s regional neighboring states—Moldova, Greece, Armenia, Georgia, Serbia, Romania, Ukraine, Bulgaria, and Belarus—more than 70 percent of people identify as Orthodox, according to current Pew Research results.

This revival of Orthodoxy coincides with pro-Russian sentiment. Pew Research notes that in the nine former Soviet nations that are majority-Orthodox—except for Ukraine—more than half of those surveyed agree that “a strong Russia is necessary to balance the influence of the West.”

Pew Research concludes:

[M]any Orthodox Christians—and not only Russian Orthodox Christians—express pro-Russia views. … Orthodox identity is tightly bound up with national identity, feelings of pride and cultural superiority, support for linkages between national churches and governments, and views of Russia as a bulwark against the West.

Many Eastern European nations are at a crossroads between two options: increased integration with the West and liberalization, on the one hand, and alignment with Russia and authoritarianism on the other.

As Putin seeks more influence over these nations, emphasizing traditional religion serves two of his goals. It establishes a common ground between Russia and Eastern Europe, and, more importantly, amplifies the differences that Eastern Europe may have with the West—especially as the Western world drifts further away from traditional values and religion.

Putin’s use of traditional Christianity is calculated for political effect. American and European observers would do well to see through the charade.

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Putin now openly serves Monarchists and is a worshipper of Mammon.

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The Russian oligarch who wants Vladimir Putin to be a Tsar

In his ornate countryside resort, styled after a Tsarist-era Russian nobleman’s estate and decked with portraits of royalty from centuries past, oligarch Konstantin Malofeev praised his fellow monarchists for their role in shaping the country’s biggest political overhaul in decades. Russia approved constitutional changes this weekthat could allow Vladimir Putin, the president, to bypass term limits and extend his 20-year rule to at least 2036, when he will be 83. Vedomosti, a leading business newspaper, said the move “essentially turns Putin into a monarch” – a welcome scenario for the dozens of men, many sporting extravagant facial hair and traditional Cossack costumes, gathered in Mr Malofeev’s resort late last month. “These words were like honey for our ears. Our call, the call of all traditionally minded people, has been heard,” said Mr Malofeev, who heads the Double-Headed Eagle, a pro-Putin monarchist society, and is close to the Russian Orthodox Church.

READ the entire article HERE

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It is time for Absolute Communism to be restored to Russia.

We call upon all Comrades to translate Our writings into Russian and share them in Russia. You do not want a return to Capitalism.

Console Games Verses Online Games

Console games changed home entertainment as radically as the introduction of Videos and the machines that made watching them at home possible. The earliest Console games were introduced in the 1970’s, same time as VCR’s. The first console game that most people will remember was Pong, that simple game brought us hours of amusement as we all played tennis. Later, we were introduced to the more sophisticated video arcade style games of such systems as Atari and Intellivision. These entertainments were only increased through the introduction of home computers in the 1980’s. All these new inventions began to change the concept of home entertainment within families.

In the 1990’s we were all introduced to the Internet. A technology which has changed the way that humans live and has entrenched itself into daily lives so much, that for some, it has consumed their lives. Online gaming became popular at this time, although there was a clear distinction between Console games which were played at home on a television set and Online games which were only computer games. Even I began to play online games in the 1990’s when the internet ran off a telephone line and cost just $5.00 per month. I began playing Asherons Call in 1998 and played it until approximately 2010. Things were less complicated at that time because you knew that all Console games were made to be played at home on a television, whereas all online games were for a personal computer.

Today this is certainly not the case. To begin with, the cost of the internet is absurd. I certainly have no intention of ever paying for it. The clear distinction between online games and Console games is gone. Sadly it is possible to purchase games for your console that cannot even be installed without an active internet connection, so you end up stuck with a useless game.

Personally it has happened to me. I will call these games “Garbage Games” because they are useless if you refuse to pay the outrageous fees for internet. The worse part of it is that the Game Developers don’t want you to know which games can or cannot be played on a console.

A CONSOLE GAME is any game that can be installed and played on a Game Console hooked into a television without any internet required.

An ONLINE GAME is any game that cannot be installed and played without the internet.

I actually did complain directly to Microsoft about making it clear to consumers which type of game it is that they are buying before paying for it. I told Microsoft that symbol should be displayed on the game covers. It can be something that only appears on Online Only games, so people who refuse to pay the rip-off charges for the internet can still buy and play games without getting stuck paying for a game that is useless. Microsoft told me that it had nothing whatsoever to do with them. “It is all the Game Developers fault.”

So below I am providing a list of some awesome Console Games that you can install and play without the internet.

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Assassins Creed Origins

Assassins Creed Odyssey

Dead Rising III

Deus Ex – Mankind Divided-

Dishonored

Dishonored II

Divinity II -Original Sin-

Dragon Age Inquisition

Fallout IV

Far Cry V

Final Fantasy XV

Grand Theft Auto V

Mad Max

Mafia III

Prey

Red Dead Redemption II

Skyrim Elder Scrolls V

South Park -Fractured but Whole-

The Outer World’s

The Witcher III

Thief

Torment -Tides of Numenera

Vampyr

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So rest assured that I have played all of the 23 games listed and all are safe to install and play on a Game Console.

CryptoCurrencies Prove Popularity Picks

Well just when you think you have seen it all, along comes Cryptocurrency, “a digital currency in which transactions are verified and records maintained by a decentralized system using cryptography, rather than by a centralized authority.”

We have stated all along, “all currency is that which is worthless yet presented and perceived as valuable.” The fact that Cryptocurrencies exist is proof that value is based upon popularity.

In truth, resources and labour have value. Labour being the most important.

So it is in the best interest of us all to end currency slavery on Earth. Countries alone should all ban it solely due to it as being a fabrication for Organized Crime.

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Cryptocurrency Crime and
Anti-Money Laundering Report,
February 2021

Massive exit scams have dominated cryptocurrency crimes in the last two years. In 2019, the Ponzi scheme PlusToken netted $2.9 billion with its exit scam— 64% of the year’s major crime volume. 2020 saw WoToken, a similar scheme operated by some of the same people as PlusToken, defraud investors out of $1.1 billion in its exit scam—58% of 2020’s major crime volume. While major fraud volume saw a significant decrease, it still made up 73% of 2020’s crime total.

While 2019 and 2020 saw a similar number of thefts, hacks, and fraud, the average value[1] taken by criminal actors in 2019 was 160% higher than in 2020, indicating maturity in the crypto space as entities continue to harden systems and take precautions against inside and outside threats. While 2020 did see a large $281 million hack of cryptocurrency exchange KuCoin, the exchange claims to have already recovered 84% of the stolen funds—something almost unheard of in previous years.

Another factor contributing to this discrepancy is that 2020 was overrun by dozens of DeFi related hacks and scams, which were much smaller in size. Half of all 2020 crypto hacks were of DeFi protocols—a pattern that was virtually negligible in all prior years—and nearly 99% of major fraud volume in the second half of 2020 stemmed from DeFi protocols performing “rug pulls” and other exit scams in a pattern eerily reminiscent of the

2017 ICO craze. In a rug pull, which is similar to a pump and dump, some investors will liquidate the entire DeFi pool, leaving the remaining token holders with no liquidity and unable to trade, wiping out the remaining value.

On the regulatory front, the cryptosphere has been inundated with new legal attention as regulatory and policy making bodies weigh in on how the space should operate. In the US, FinCEN has proposed two major rule changes to the regulatory obligations banks and virtual asset service providers (VASPs) face when conducting certain virtual currency transactions.

One notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) issued in October sought to amend the recordkeeping and Travel Rule regulations to collect, retain, and transmit transfer information on international payments at a much lower threshold. As it stands, financial institutions currently transmit records for any transfers in excess of $3000. The new rule would see much smaller transfers—anything over $250—come under the same requirements if the transmittal of funds begins or ends outside the United States. The rule specifically includes cryptocurrency transfers as a class of transactions to which the proposal would apply.

Another NPRM issued in December would require banks and VASPs to verify the identity of their customers, keep records of virtual currency transactions greater than $3,000, and submit CTR-like reports for virtual currency transactions over $10,000, if the counterparty in the transaction uses an unhosted (noncustodial) or “otherwise covered” wallet. The NPRM defines “otherwise covered” wallets as wallets held at a financial institution that is not subject to the BSA and is located in a foreign jurisdiction identified by FinCEN as being of primary money laundering concern, such as Burma, Iran, and North Korea.

Upon taking office in January 2021, the Biden administration has declared a freeze on all agency rule-making, pending a review by a department or agency head appointed or designated by the President. While the Trump administration had already extended the unhosted wallet NPRM for 15 days regarding the $10,000 threshold and 45 days regarding the remaining rules, FinCEN has since extended and consolidated both deadlines to 60 days. There has yet to be an indication that the “Travel Rule” NPRM will get a similar reopening and extension.

It is likely that these rules—or something close to them—will take effect in the first half of 2021, creating significant new crypto compliance requirements and dramatically increasing the sense of urgency felt by banks and VASPs to file crypto CTRs and SARs.

Globally, FATF released their 12-Month Review of the Revised FATF Standards on Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers in June. In it, FATF decided not to revise previous recommendations related to virtual assets or VASPs but has documented the need for future continued direction.  Reassessment of progress towards a Travel Rule solution and further guidance is slated for June 2021, at the next 12-month review.

[1] This is the average value after excluding the large PlusToken and Wotoken outliers.

Highlights

Highlights of key findings are as follows:

• As legitimate cryptocurrency use goes up, crypto crime as a percentage goes down. 2020 crypto crime was down 57% from 2019,dropping from $4.5 billion to $1.9 billion in 2020.
• Decentralized finance (DeFi) is the next major threat vector for fraud and money laundering: half of all thefts in 2020, totaling $129 million, were DeFi-related hacks and some centralized exchanges, such as Shapeshift, are transforming into decentralized exchanges (DEXs) to avoid KYC requirements.
• Exchange executives face arrest, extradition, and massive fines, as individuals are held personally accountable for money laundering
• Fraud is the dominant cryptocurrency crime, followed by theft and ransomware.
• US exchanges sent $41.2 million worth of BTC directly to criminals in 2020.
• 84% of the bitcoin moved in exchange-to-exchange transactions was moved cross-border.
• A third of cross-border Bitcoin volume is sent to exchanges with demonstrably weak KYC.
• Forty-one percent of the total cross-border BTC volume sent from US VASPs went to VASPs with demonstrably weak KYC; 50% of cross-border volume received by US VASPs is from exchanges with demonstrably weak KYC.
• Seventy-eight percent of BTC Volume from South Korean VASPs is from exchanges with demonstrably weak KYC.
• FinCEN’s proposed rule change to the “Travel Rule” threshold would more than double the number of “Travel Rule” messages needed to be sent by US VASPs.
• Fifty-two percent of BTC payment volume was sent to exchanges in 2020; 40% sent to private wallets.
• The US leads the world in receiving bitcoin, with 19.3% of BTC sent to exchanges globally received by US-domiciled VASPs. Ten percent of all BTC payments were sent to US-domiciled VASPs.
• The percentage of global BTC volume sent to high-risk exchanges was at an all-time low, with a 59% drop from 2019.

Major Trends and Developments

Cash—anonymous and liquid—has long served as a tool for criminals. Cryptocurrency, with its similar characteristics, may likewise struggle to ever completely shake its bad reputation, despite illicit transactions making up less than 0.5% of Bitcoin’s yearly volume in 2020. Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs) are the front line in preventing financial crime and identifying bad actors. However, inadequate anti-money laundering controls at a VASP can end up facilitating the flow of criminal funds around the world. As VASPs continue to mature and adopt stronger security measures, CipherTrace has found that criminals are beginning to set their sights on greener decentralized finance services over their centralized counterparts.

$3.5 Billion Sent from Criminal BTC Addresses in 2020

Criminally associated bitcoin addresses sent over $3.5 billion worth of bitcoin in 2020. This figure includes BTC addresses controlled by dark markets, ransomware actors, hackers, and fraudsters. Most of this bitcoin will ultimately need to be laundered by these criminals, meaning it will make its way to an exchange where it can be converted to fiat currency and transferred to a bank.

One US Exchange Sent More than $36.7 Million Directly to Criminals in 2020

Using cryptocurrency intelligence tools including CipherTrace Armada, analysts were able to determine that one prominent US exchange received more than $3.5 million worth of bitcoin directly from criminal sources in 2020, despite strong KYC. However, this figure is only a small amount of the criminally sourced funds that actually made it to the exchange; smart criminals will typically create distance between their illicit source of funds and their fiat off-ramp of choice. It is important to note that although the exchange received $3.5 million worth of BTC directly from criminally associated addresses, exchanges have no way of denying funds before they are received. Even if the exchange sent these funds back, the interaction will still be recorded on the blockchain.

However, this exchange also sent $36.7 million worth of bitcoin directly to criminally associated addresses. These transactions could and should have been stopped by adequate AML software. These outgoing transactions directly to criminal sources highlight the importance of accurate blockchain analytics data. Many criminals don’t typically send directly to and from their criminally linked addresses when transacting with regulated exchanges, making the $36.7 million a conservative estimate of funds flowing through the exchange to the pockets of criminals.  A vast majority of bad actors will move their funds at least one time. In fact, CipherTrace analysts found that a typical cryptocurrency exchange’s dark market exposure will typically double at two hops out (transactions once removed from the exchange). In the case of this cryptocurrency exchange, dark market exposure more than tripled two hops out, according to CipherTrace data.

US exchanges as a whole received $8.4 million worth of bitcoin directly from criminal addresses and sent $41.2 million worth of bitcoin directly to criminally associated addresses.

Over Half of 2020 Crypto Hacks are from DeFi Protocols 

The USD value locked in DeFi has grown exponentially in 2020, thereby creating potential new money laundering risks as hacked DeFi protocols make up the majority of crypto thefts in 2020. According to CoinGecko, by the end of December 2020, DeFi had already locked 19.8 billion USD—23% of Ethereum’s total market capitalization. This figure equates to more than a 1000% increase from the $1.7 billion held in DeFi at the start of 2020. This exponential boom eclipses the 70% increase from the start of 2019, when the DeFi market cap was only $1.0 billion, to the beginning of 2020. Like the altcoin boom before it, the exponential explosion of capital and lack of regulatory clarity have attracted criminal actors to DeFi, ultimately resulting in the most DeFi hacks in a year to date.

Altogether, over 50% of all 2020 thefts were DeFi hacks, equating to about $129 million—a little over 25% of the hacked volume for the year. Conversely, in 2019, the DeFi hack volume was virtually negligible. Individual DeFi thefts ranged widely, from a couple hundred thousand to tens of millions of dollars’ worth of crypto tokens. CipherTrace assesses the average DeFi hack in 2020 to be worth roughly $6 million.

Even 2020’s largest theft, the $281 million hack of the centralized exchange KuCoin, ultimately involved DeFi as criminals attempted to launder the stolen funds through one of the largest decentralized exchanges in the world—Uniswap. It’s clear that DeFi has become one of the fastest growing trends in the crypto industry. As such, it is important to be vigilant to its money laundering risks. Decentralized exchanges often don’t collect KYC information on their users and have no way of freezing funds like a centralized exchange; sometimes, this power lies with the individual DeFi projects themselves.

Notable DeFi hacks in 2020 included:

• bZx
• Akropolis
• Axion Network
• Balancer
• Bancor DEX
• Bisq
• Cheese Bank
• COVER
• Finance
• Harvest Finance
• Lendf.Me
• Opyn
• OUSD
• Pickle Finance
• Uniswap
• Value DeFi
• WarpFinance
• wLEO

DeFi Rug Pulls Emerge as Top Exit Scam  

While DeFi hacks had been on the rise since as early as Q1 2020, the end of the year brought new challenges to DeFi as rug pulls and exit scams began to proliferate, reminding many crypto veterans of the “pump and dump” schemes popular at the height of the ICO boom. In the second half of 2020, nearly 99% of major fraud and misappropriations volume stemmed from DeFi protocols performing rug pulls and exit scams.

Rug pulls are similar to exit scams; both involve insiders taking off with a majority, if not all, of users’ funds. While often used interchangeably, exit scams are more often linked to established entities or projects unexpectedly closing down (“exiting”), taking user funds with them. For example, in November 2020, the DeFi project SharkTron appeared to have conducted an exit scam with $10 million in user funds, closing its website and leaving users in the dark.

A rug-pull, on the other hand, is a specific type of exit scam that involves “pulling the rug” out from under investors (users) by selling the majority of the DeFi pool, thereby draining liquidity from a specific token. Rug pulls are often accomplished through intentional back doors written into smart contracts. In the case of DeFi project Compounder.Finance, a hidden backdoor written into the smart contract allowed developers to pull $10.8 million from the project’s liquidity pools in November 2020. DeFi project Unicats performed a similar rug pull in October, draining the entirety of its users’ funds.

In our research, CipherTrace found several incidents of DeFi rugpulls and exit scams in 2020. Unfortunately, due to a lack of definitive data, we were not able to verify each incident. Unverified incidents are not included in our overall data pool for analysis.

Notable examples of DeFi rug pulls and exit scams in 2020 included:

• Lv.Finance
• Emerald Mine
• Yfdexf.Finance
• SharkTron
• Unicats
• Compounder.Finance
• Amplifi.money (unverified)
• Burn Vault Finance (unverified)
• Minions Farm (unverified)
• Unirocket (unverified)

This trend is likely to continue into 2021 without proper audits of smart contracts, continued education of investors, and relevant regulations on these new risk vectors.

Future of DeFi Hacks, Scams, and Regulation  

DeFi protocols are permissionless by design, meaning they often lack regulatory oversight , and anyone in any country can access them with little or no KYC required. As a result, we have seen DeFi become a haven for money launderers in the last months of 2020.

It appears regulators are beginning to pay closer attention to DeFi and associated compliance requirements. The unaudited smart contracts on which many DeFi projects rely often have vulnerabilities that bad actors can exploit. As Olaf Carlson-Wee, the founder and CEO of Polychain Capital, said on a September 8 episode of Unchained, “I do think it scares me a little bit how much capital is being dumped into contracts that are unaudited. I think that getting security audits is, overall, an important part of maturing any one of these systems.” As DeFi continues to grow, it’s plausible to expect that DeFi projects could fall under the scope of global regulators. FATF already considers decentralized exchanges to be VASPs, and FinCEN applies the same regulatory consideration to DEXs that it does to bitcoin ATMs, regardless of whether they operate for profit.

The US Securities and Exchange Commission staff has noticed DeFi projects that have been subject to vulnerabilities, hacks, attacks, fraud, and manipulation. At the September 18 Parallel Summit, the SEC’s Crypto Czar Valerie Szczepanik said, “When you are running [Defi] things on code and you are putting it out in the wild, you are missing a step there where you may want to test the code, you may want to audit the code, you may want to have some peer review of the code. To send it out live right away without those protections is risky.”

“Don’t feed into the hype that surrounded the ICO market,” warned Val. “Hype leads to fraud; it can lead to bad implementations of code and insufficient testing. If the industry takes the time to get it right and engages with regulators to help them do so, then all the good stuff will percolate to the top and you will have the benefits that come with the promise of distributed ledger technology.”

Val said “we’ve seen structures that purport to enable users to lend money, earn interest, borrow money, exchange, take positions; these are all financial activities, and they are likely subject to various laws already, including securities law, potentially banking and lending laws—definitely AML/CTF laws.”

The EU, meanwhile, has introduced Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA), a proposed regulation which, if passed, will ban decentralized exchanges from trading with any European Union citizens if they are not incorporated as a legal entity and have their registered office in a Member State.

FinCEN’s Proposed Rulemaking Creates New Reporting and Record-Keeping Requirements for Transactions to Unhosted Wallets

On December 18, 2020, the US Department of Treasury issued a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) that will require financial institutions subject to the BSA to verify the identity of their customer, keep records of convertible virtual currency (CVC) transactions greater than $3,000, and submit CTR-like reports for CVC transactions over $10,000, if the counterparty in the transaction uses an unhosted (noncustodial) or “otherwise covered” wallet. The NPRM defines “otherwise covered” wallets as those wallets that are held at a financial institution that is not subject to the BSA and is located in a foreign jurisdiction identified by FinCEN as being of primary money laundering concern, a list that includes Burma, Iran, and North Korea.

These rules were proposed under the Trump administration. In January 2021, the incoming Biden administration declared a freeze on agency rulemaking, which includes these proposed changes. However, the freeze is only temporary, pending review by a department or agency head appointed or designated by President Biden. While the Trump administration had already extended the unhosted wallet NPRM for 15 days regarding the $10,000 threshold and 45 days regarding the remaining rules, FinCEN has since extended and consolidated both deadlines to 60 days. There has yet to be an indication that the “Travel Rule” NPRM will get a similar reopening and extension.

Many BSA officers felt that the regulation of unhosted wallets was inevitable, and that the proposed rules are a reasonable response to the current and future money laundering risk posed by the potentially large unmonitored flow of funds to and from unhosted wallets. The proposed rule will be expensive to implement and it is anticipated that these costs will be passed on to users.

If adopted, the new rule will further enforce the requirement for VASPs, as well as banks engaged in crypto transactions, to be able to identify whether a counterparty is another VASP or not, and if so, where that VASP is domiciled. Current regulations already impose this burden on VASPs under the Travel Rule, with additional rules now set for certain transactions to unhosted wallets and otherwise covered jurisdictions, closing AML gaps not covered by Travel Rule regulations. CipherTrace blockchain analytics tools can help your institution determine if a counterparty address belongs to a hosted, unhosted, or “otherwise covered” wallet, which is the crux of the new proposed rule.

The new rule also requires that VASPs aggregate cryptocurrency transactions over a 24-hour period to report transactions over $10k and identify any signs of structuring. Crypto and cash transactions do not need to be combined when aggregating. CipherTrace is uniquely capable to help VASPs and banks aggregate multi-chain aggregation payments and leverage predictive analytics to identify structuring.

Blockchain analytics solutions enable crypto exchanges to identify risky transactions involving unhosted wallets. VASPs can follow the funds trail through unhosted wallet addresses, obtaining insights about exposure to high-risk addresses and counterparties. This transparency enables insights about risks associated with unhosted cryptoasset wallets that is impossible to obtain when dealing in fiat currencies or cash.

These proposed requirements are essentially just the application of cash rules (cash and electronic funds transfers) financial institutions have long complied with, now applied to certain virtual asset transactions. However, from an investigatory standpoint, the proposed rule will likely run criminal activity to more hidden corners of the blockchain, which will severely hamper the success of investigations. Instead of using exchanges, criminals will likely move towards unregistered P2P exchanges to keep off the radar. Most investigations are successful when cryptocurrency hits a regulated exchange; by forcing criminal activity out of the exchanges, investigators will lose one of their most powerful tools for tracking, tracing and identifying criminals and their activity.

US “Travel Rule” Rule Making’s Lower Threshold Could Double the Compliance Triggers for VASPs

On October 23, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) and the Federal Reserve Board proposed a rule change that would require financial institutions, including banks and cryptocurrency exchanges, to collect, store, and transfer information on international payments at a much lower threshold.

Currently, financial intuitions must store and forward records for transfers of funds abroad in excess of $3000. The new rule would see much smaller transfers—anything over $250—come under the same requirements. Notably, the rule specifically includes cryptocurrency transfers as a class of transactions to which the proposal would apply.

Decreasing the threshold to collect, retain, and transmit information on the transmittals of funds that “begin or end outside the United States” would increase the number of transactions that trigger Travel Rule thresholds every year by a factor of at least 2.5, according to CipherTrace analysis.

According to CipherTrace data, US VASPs would have had to have sent over 34,000 messages during the month of October 2020 in order to comply with the current US Travel Rule threshold of $3,000. Over 27,000 of these messages—around 78%—would have been cross-border in nature, meaning the sending or receiving VASP was domiciled outside of the United States. Thistranslates to over 417,000 messages a year at the current threshold.

Lowering the threshold to $250 would push the number of required travel rule messages to be shared and stored per year to over one million. At this lower threshold, cross-border transactions make up 83% of all travel rule triggers for US VASPs.

If the US were only to lower its threshold to FATF’s de minimis standard of $1,000, then the number of transactions that would trigger compliance would increase by a factor of 1.7 every year.

Intermediary banks or financial institutions are also required to transmit this information to other banks or nonbank financial institutions in the payment chain. The proposed rule change acknowledges that cryptocurrency can be transferred without third-party bank involvement but states that, in reality, many users rely on hosted wallets and exchanges to transact.

Difficulty in determining “cross-border payments” in the virtual asset world

FinCEN’s proposed rule change is based on transactions that “begin or end outside the United States.” These transactions are defined by whether a financial institution “knows or has reason to know that the transmittor, transmittor’s financial institution, recipient, or recipient’s financial institution is located in, is ordinarily resident in, or is organized under the laws of a jurisdiction other than the United States or a jurisdiction within the United States.”

Due to the cross-border nature and global reach of virtual assets and VASPs, compliance with this definition would be difficult to enforce, especially given many VASPs are registered in multiple jurisdictions around the world. A financial institution would only have “reason to know” that a transaction begins or ends outside the United States to the extent that such information was shared when receiving the transmittal order or collected from the transmittor—assuming he or she even knows the true extent of the cross-border nature of their transaction.

It is for this reason that the FATF decided in its June 2019 virtual asset guidance that “countries should treat all VA transfers as cross-border wire transfers, in accordance with the Interpretative Note to Recommendation 16 (INR. 16), rather than domestic wire transfers, based on the cross-border nature of VA activities and VASP operations.”

Over One Third of Cross-Border Bitcoin Volume is Sent to Exchanges with Demonstrably Weak KYC 

In 2020, cross-border bitcoin transactions constituted 84% of all VASP outflow volume globally. Over one-third—36%—of this cross-border BTC volume went to VASPs with weak or porous KYC procedures.

US Spotlight

A deeper look into the inflows and outflows of VASPs by jurisdiction revealed that 98% of the outgoing BTC volume from US VASPs is from exchanges with strong KYC procedures. When analyzing US VASPs outbound transaction volume for 2020, CipherTrace researchers found that 24% of the BTC volume sent to Virtual Asset Service Providers went to VASPs with weak or porous KYC. Of the 24% of outgoing exchange-to-exchange volume, 98% was cross-border. Comparatively, only 44% of the outgoing exchange-to-exchange volume to exchanges with strong KYC was cross-border.

In total, when looking at the outflows of US VASPS, CipherTrace found that 58% of the exchange-to-exchange BTC volume was cross-border, with 41% of the total cross-border volume being sent to VASPs with weak or porous KYC.

Inversely, when looking at the inflows of US VASPs, 74% of their inbound exchange-to-exchange BTC volume was cross-border. Of this cross-border volume, 50% originated from crypto exchanges with weak or porous KYC practices.

The high percentage of cross-border volume going to and coming from weak or porous VASPs severely complicates the purpose of “Travel Rule” regulations. These KYC-deficient VASPs likely won’t collect or retain the information law enforcement needs to move on any actionable intelligence.

Effective KYC protocols are a vital part of any AML program. Understanding KYC processes of counterparty institutions can help financial institutions better understand and manage your risks and prevent money laundering. However, it’s one thing to have strong KYC guidelines on paper and another to implement them. By analyzing and probing the KYC processes of more than 800 VASPs in 80+ countries, CipherTrace was able to geographically locate where weak and porous KYC could be exploited by money launderers, criminals, and extremists. To learn more about average KYC scores by region, check out our 2020 Geographic Risk Report: VASP KYC by Jurisdiction here: https://ciphertrace.com/2020-geo-risk-report-on-vasp-kyc/

Exchanges Receive Over Half of BTC Payments in 2020

Over half—52.3%—of BTC payment and transfer transaction volume was sent to exchanges in 2020; 40% of payment volume was sent to private wallets.

For this analysis, CipherTrace has identified payment and funds transfers by filtering out blockchain data within the same entity (for example, any transactions from Binance to Binance). This filtering eliminates a large chunk of blockchain data that represents internal transactions within virtual asset entities that skew the overall picture of where crypto funds move. By removing this data, analysts can get a better idea of payment flows on the blockchain, rather than analyzing the entire, unfiltered pool of blockchain data.

Likewise, CipherTrace has also filtered out criminals sending funds back to themselves (e.g. peel-chains) and private wallet-to-private wallet transactions as these, too, can artificially inflate the data. In private wallet-to-private wallet transactions, it is impossible to know when individuals are moving funds to different accounts under their control, or engaging in P2P trading.

However, while the overall global percentage of BTC volume received by exchanges appears to be dropping, the actual amount of BTC sent to exchanges has increased between 2019 and 2020 by more than 6.3 million BTC, worth roughly $150 billion. Together, these trends likely mean that, while exchanges continue to grow in popularity, BTC is beginning to see more widespread use outside of exchanges.

While over half of BTC payments volume went to exchanges in 2020, a majority of that volume was from exchanges in five countries: the US, the Cayman Islands, South Korea, Japan, and the Seychelles. US-based exchanges received the most, at 10% of all BTC volume globally—or 19% of all BTC volume received by exchanges.

Percentage BTC Volume Sent to High-Risk Exchanges Reaches All-Time Low

2020 saw a 59% drop in the percentage of global BTC volume received by high-risk exchanges. There are several factors that determine when an entity is categorized as a “high-risk exchange.” These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

• they are known bad actors,
• they intentionally try to circumvent AML and KYC measures,
• and/or they are known to regularly fail to cooperate with law enforcement and regulators.

High-risk exchanges are known for being avenues of money laundering.

While criminals continue to use high-risk exchanges as fiat off-ramps, CipherTrace investigators continue to see more centralized, mainstream exchanges on the receiving end of criminal funds—albeit often after attempts to obfuscate and distance the funds from their criminal sources through the use of peel chains, mixers, or other obfuscation techniques.

Terrorist Use of Cryptocurrency in 2020

Terrorist organizations and their supporters and sympathizers are continuously looking for new ways to raise and transfer funds without detection or tracking by law enforcement. An asset like cryptocurrency, which allows for the instant, pseudonymized transmission of value around the world with no due diligence or recordkeeping, was bound to catch their eye. Fortunately, the use of blockchain analytics coupled with diligent investigations by law enforcement have resulted in major foiling of terrorist financing networks in 2020.

DOJ Seizures of Cryptocurrency Donations Puts a $2 Million Hole in Terrorist Finances 

On August 13, the U.S. Department of Justice announced the seizure of $2 million in cryptocurrency from prominent terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda, ISIS, and Hamas. The funds came from cryptocurrency donations the groups solicited online via social media and their own websites.

Terrorist groups like these use cryptocurrency to buy weapons, train operatives, and cover international transportation costs. “It should not surprise anyone that our enemies use modern technology, social media platforms and cryptocurrency to facilitate their evil and violent agendas,” said then-Attorney General William Barr.

Authorities conducted their investigation in concert with covert operators. In addition to donations, terrorists garnered funds through fake charity fronts and scams involving the sale of protective supplies related to the coronavirus pandemic, according to IRS’s Don Fort.

Highlighted in the DOJ report was Hamas’s use of bitcoin donations via a Telegram channel run by its military wing, known as the Qassam Brigades. CipherTrace had previously reported on this exact scheme in our Q3 2019 report. While it appears the operation brought in only the rough equivalent of $5000 to the terrorist organization, it is important to remember that the cost of carrying out a terrorist attack can be very low.

Jason Blazakis, former director of the Finance and Designations Office at the US Department of State’s Bureau of Counterterrorism, and current director of the Center on Terrorism, Extremism, and Counterterrorism, explained, “[T]errorists don’t have to raise a lot of crypto or cash to maintain sanctuary for sleeper cells or, worse yet, the ammunition, guns, and bombs that can maim innocent civilians. While a thousand dollars may not seem like a lot of money, in the hands of the wrong person, it can do all of the above and much more.”

French Police Arrest Twenty-Nine in Cryptocurrency Terrorism Financing Scheme

On September 30, 2020, law enforcement arrested 29 French operatives linked to a terrorism financing operation which used cryptocurrency “coupons” in an attempt to obfuscate the source and flow of funds. The French operatives are believed to be affiliated with the Hayat Tahrir Al-Sham organization, an Al-Qaeda affiliate.

The French operatives purchased “hundreds of thousands of euros” worth of cryptocurrency “coupons” from licensed tobacco outlets in France and sent the credentials on the coupons to jihadists in Syria, where the Bitcoin could be redeemed online. France’s financial intelligence unit, Tracfin, was able to detect the financial flows from France to Syria after constant surveillance of the group led authorities to several dozen people living in France that “had visited repeatedly, over the past few months, tobacco shops throughout the country to anonymously purchase coupons worth between €10 and €150 [that] were then credited to accounts opened from abroad by jihadists,” according to the national anti-terrorism prosecutor’s office.

Major 2020 Enforcement Actions

2020 was the year of widespread crypto adoption and price gains, making crypto fraudsters and those in regulatory noncompliance the prime target for enforcement actions. VASPs must adhere to local laws when doing business with their citizens. Aside from deep fines, personal liability and potential jail time loom for those who willfully disregard anti-money laundering laws in many jurisdictions.

BitMEX Executives Charged with Illegal Operations and Anti-Money Laundering Violations

On October 1, the US Department of Justice (DoJ) announced the indictment of four BitMEX executives, charging the group with violating the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA), and conspiring to violate the BSA by “willfully failing to establish, implement, and maintain an adequate anti-money laundering (“AML”) program.” On the same day, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) filed a civil enforcement action charging five entities and three individuals that own and operate the BitMEX trading platform, including BitMEX CEO Arthur Hayes.

These charges include operating an unregistered trading platform and violating multiple CFTC regulations such as failing to implement AML procedures while generating $1B USD in transaction fees.  The defendants each face up to 10 years in jail and the CFTC’s injunction may top $1.3B USD, making it one of the most expensive AML penalty ever paid by a financial institution.

BitMEX had been under investigation by the CFTC since early 2019 for allowing Americans to trade on their exchange. While the platform claimed to have improved their Customer Identification Program to effectively exclude US persons, the CFTC complaint alleged otherwise. According to the complaint, BitMEX is a maze of corporate entities all owned and controlled by the same people, doing business as the same name. These businesses include: HDR Global Trading Limited, 100x Holdings, ABS Global Trading, Shine Effort, and HDR Services.

According to the CFTC, HDR Global Trading Limited operated the BitMEX trading platform. Despite being incorporated in the Seychelles, “HDR does not have, and never has had, any operations or employees in the Seychelles.” Despite being domiciled in the Seychelles, Hayes held his ownership interest in BitMEX entities through a Delaware limited liability company that maintains bank accounts at financial institutions in the US. Despite serving at least 85,000 US customers and managing a large portion of its trading infrastructure from within the US—with half the its employees working from San Francisco or New York offices—BitMEX never registered with the CFTC.

AML Deficiencies and Failure to Report Suspicious Activity

The complaint also claimed that BitMEX not only failed to comply with record keeping obligations, but the company was actively deleted critical customer identification information. In certain cases, these records were deleted “explicitly because a user was found to be located in the US or another restricted jurisdiction.” The DOJ complaint adds that from BitMEX’s launch in late 2014 to at least in or about September 2020, the exchange did not file any SARs, failing to report suspected illegal activity on the platform.

Addressing the DOJ indictment, Acting Manhattan US Attorney Audrey Strauss said, “With the opportunities and advantages of operating a financial institution in the United States comes the obligation for those businesses to do their part to help in driving out crime and corruption. As alleged, these defendants flouted that obligation and undertook to operate a purportedly ‘off-shore’ crypto exchange while willfully failing to implement and maintain even basic anti-money laundering policies. In so doing, they allegedly allowed BitMEX to operate as a platform in the shadows of the financial markets. Today’s indictment is another push by this Office and our partners at the FBI to bring platforms for money laundering into the light.”

BitMEX responded to the charges on their website, stating “We strongly disagree with the U.S. government’s heavy-handed decision to bring these charges, and intend to defend the allegations vigorously. From our early days as a start-up, we have always sought to comply with applicable U.S. laws, as those laws were understood at the time and based on available guidance.”

Steps to Improve AML Compliance

In an effort to improve compliance, BitMEX has already taken steps to increase their AML procedures. Since the indictment, BitMEX has hired Malcolm Wright, an associate fellow of the Centre for Financial Crime and Security Studies at the UK’s Royal United Services Institute, as the company’s Chief Compliance Officer. Wright will monitor the exchange’s global compliance activities, and directly report to Vivien Khoo, acting interim CEO and COO of BitMEX. It is still unclear as to whether BitMEX had a CCO before Wright.

Upon reevaluating BitMEX’s KYC, CipherTrace has found that the exchange has already improved its practices, moving the exchange from a “porous” (yellow) score since the release of our Geographic Risk Report earlier this month, to a “strong” (green) KYC score. This further corroborates BitMEX’s position on strengthening their compliance procedures, proving the effort to hire a new CCO isn’t in jest.

Ripple, Execs Face SEC Lawsuit

The US Securities and Exchange Commission filed a lawsuit on December 22 against Ripple, Ripple CEO Brad Garlinghouse, and Chris Larsen, a co-founder of the company, alleging that the firm’s sale of XRP constituted an offering of unregistered securities.

Ripple responded to the lawsuit in a Wells Submission— a document where the person or business facing an enforcement actions has the opportunity to present facts and legal arguments to convince the SEC that no action should be brought. In their Wells Submission, Ripple claims that “by alleging that Ripple’s distributions of XRP are investment contracts while maintaining that bitcoin and ether are not securities, the Commission is picking virtual currency winners and losers, destroying U.S.-based, consumer-friendly innovation in the process.” However, bitcoin and ether’s decentralized nature have saved them from SEC enforcement. XRP, on the other hand, is much more centralized.

Many exchanges have suspended or delisted XRP pending the results of the SEC lawsuit. This list includes: Binance.US, Coinbase, eToro, and Bittrex. Some investment firms with XRP positions, such as Greyscale and Bitwise Asset Management, have also liquidated their holdings.

Speaking on an episode of the Pomp Podcast a month prior to the SEC’s decision, Garlinghouse stated he believes that his company would still thrive under a “hypothetical scenario” where XRP is declared a security. Garlinghouse later adds that “more than 90% of RippleNet customers are out of the United States.” However, the lawsuit and subsequent delistings have caused the price of XRP to plummet while most coins remain bullish, affected countless XRP retail holders with no connection to Ripple or the United States.

A virtual pretrial is set for February 22, 2021.

FinCEN Fines Operator of Helix Mixer $60M for Bitcoin Laundering Scheme Linked to Notorious Dark Markets

In one of the most significant takedowns of a cryptocurrency-anonymizing service, Federal law enforcement authorities arrested Larry Dean Harmon of Akron, Ohio, in February for money laundering. Harmon’s Helix “tumbling” operation moved approximately $300 million in bitcoin. The Department of Justice alleged that Helix had partnered with now-defunct underground marketplace AlphaBay, which was known for drug dealing and other illegal activities until it was shut down in 2017 by law enforcement.

According to the indictment, Helix made it possible for customers to send bitcoin in a manner that was designed to conceal the transaction and the owner of the bitcoin. Think of a tumbler or “mixer” as being analogous to blender into which you put various types of fruit to make a smoothie. Once the blades spin it is virtually impossible to distinguish the banana from the strawberry. Likewise, once the anonymizing service mixes clean crypto with cryptocurrency that was stolen or used for criminal activities such as selling drugs, it becomes very difficult to trace the bad funds back to the source. “The brazenness with which Helix operated should be the most appalling aspect of this operation to everyday citizens,” said Don Fort, chief of the IRS Criminal Investigation division. “There are bad actors and then there are criminals who facilitate hundreds of other crimes. The sole purpose of Harmon’s operation was to conceal criminal transactions from law enforcement.

Eight months later, on October 19, FinCEN announced a $60 million civil money penalty against Harmon, for violations of the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) and its implementing regulations.  By accepting and transmitting bitcoin through a variety of means, Harmon operated as an exchanger of convertible virtual currencies. FinCEN found that Harmon willfully violated the BSA’s registration, program, and reporting requirements by failing to register as a MSB, failing to implement and maintain an effective anti-money laundering program, and failing to report suspicious activities.

BitGo Enters Into $98,830 Settlement with US Treasury Over Multiple Crypto Sanctions Violations

According to a December 30 Enforcement Release by the US Treasury’s Office of Foreign Asset Controls, institutional crypto custodian service and wallet operator BitGo failed to prevent persons apparently located in sanctioned jurisdictions from opening accounts and sending digital currencies via its platform.

The release notes that there were 183 apparent violations, adding up to over $9,000, in transactions sent to the Crimea region of Ukraine, Cuba, Iran, Sudan, and Syria. Treasury claims BitGo had reason to know that these users were located in sanctioned jurisdictions based on IP data collected when users log in to the platform, but that BitGo lacked any controls to block users in sanctioned jurisdictions from accessing its services.

Although the statutory maximum civil monetary penalty applicable in these matters is $53,051,675, OFAC determined that the Apparent Violations constituted a “non-egregious case” and the two parties came to a settlement of $93,830. The fact that BitGo is a small company, cooperated with OFAC’s investigation into the violations, and invested in significant remedial measures in response to the violation were mitigating factors that contributed to the lower settlement amount.

OFAC emphasized in the enforcement action that sanctions compliance obligations apply to all US persons, including those involved in providing digital currency services. This action came two months after OFAC had issued an advisory warning of potential sanctions violations for allowing customers to pay ransomware.

FBI and German Police Charge Operators of movie2k.to and Seize $30 Million in Crypto

As a result of a joint investigation between the FBI and German authorities, over 25 million euros’ worth of cryptocurrency—$29.6 million worth of Bitcoin (BTC) and Bitcoin Cash (BCH)—was seized from those implicated in the illegal movie streaming site movie2k.to on August 6.

According to the German newspaper Der Spiegel, movie2k.to was one of the largest platforms for the sharing of pirated movies. The site was officially shut down in spring 2013 due to copyright infringement concerns; prior to the shutdown, the site’s operators were allegedly able to distribute 880,000 pirated copies of films. One of movie2k.to’s operators, who worked as the site’s programmer, has been in police custody since November 2019. The programmer has now comprehensively confessed to the charges and is reportedly assisting authorities in their continuing investigations into the second main operator, who remains on the run.

US Attorney’s Office Charges Man with Operating Unlicensed ATM Network

The US Attorney’s office released a statement detailing the guilty plea of a Yorba Linda man, Kais Mohammad, for his involvement in Herocoin—an illegal cryptocurrency business that exchanged up to $25 million through in-person transactions and a network of Bitcoin ATM kiosks.

According to his plea agreement, Mohammad offered in-person bitcoin-for-cash exchange services, in amounts up to $25,000. In a typical arrangement, Mohammad generally did not ask about the source of clients’ funds and, on many occasions, he knew the funds had originated from criminal activity.

Mohammad also owned a network of Bitcoin ATM-type kiosks located in a network of malls, gas stations, and convenience stores across the greater LA area. These kiosks allowed customers to buy bitcoin with cash, or to sell bitcoin in exchange for cash.

According to his plea agreement, Mohammad knowingly decided not to register Herocoin with the US Treasury Department’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). He also reportedly refused to develop an effective anti-money laundering program and failed to file currency transaction reports for suspicious exchanges.

While bitcoin ATMs have been known to service criminals and scammers in the past, the global regulatory landscape is tightening for crypto ATM operators. New legislation has been created in countries around the world specifically to regulate businesses that swap crypto for cash, requiring them to obtain KYC information on all transactions over a certain threshold. This KYC information gathering and record keeping is also a critical step in complying with Travel Rule regulations that crypto ATM operators must abide by. These regulations are critical for governments to prosecute and stop those using bitcoin to launder illegal funds.

Fifteen Plead Guilty After Implication in International Crypto-Crime Ring

On June 16th, Vlad-Călin Nistor—the owner of crypto exchange CoinFlux—and 14 of his associates entered guilty pleas for their involvement in an international cryptocurrency scam. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, this crime ring was responsible for fraudulent online auctions used to launder money through Nistor’s cryptocurrency exchange, where they would exchange cryptocurrency for fiat and then deposit the funds into bank accounts under the names of CoinFlux employees and family members.

Regarding the investigation, Assistant Attorney General Brian Benczkowski of the Justice Department’s Criminal Division commented, “Today’s modern cybercriminals rely on increasingly sophisticated techniques to defraud victims, often masquerading as legitimate businesses.” He continued, “These guilty pleas demonstrate that the United States will hold accountable foreign and domestic criminal enterprises and their enablers, including crooked bitcoin exchanges that swindle the American public.”

The real danger, though, may come from other nation-state actors who seek to replicate this behavior by using cryptocurrency exchanges to cover their tracks. Attorney General Benczkowski highlighted this danger in his press release, stating that, “this time [a cryptocurrency exchange] was being used by criminal fraudsters, but there are definitely parallels in what we’ve already seen from nation-state actors.”

This case demonstrates how cryptocurrency exchanges can be abused to launder funds, highlighting the importance of Travel Rule regulations. Exchanges with poor KYC or in regions with weak AML controls make trusting and sharing this evidence even harder.

DOJ Charges Founder of “AML Bitcoin” with Money Laundering

On June 22, the US Department of Justice charged the CEO of NAC Foundation and founder of AML Bitcoin, Marcus Andrade, with wire fraud and money laundering. The SEC announced parallel criminal actions against Andrade for conducting a fraudulent, unregistered offering of AML Bitcoin and defrauding investors.

The SEC alleged NAC Foundation raised nearly $5.6 million from more than 2,400 investors by selling tokens that could later be converted to AML Bitcoin. The AML Bitcoin Whitepaper portrayed the token as superior to the original bitcoin because it allegedly had anti-money laundering, anti-terrorism, and theft-resistant technology built into the coin, which would reside on NAC’s own “privately regulated public blockchain.” However, the SEC’s complaints allege that none of these capabilities actually existed.

Kristina Littman, Chief of the SEC Enforcement Division’s Cyber Unit, stated Andrade “repeatedly misled investors into funding non-existent technology, falsely claiming that the technology would make digital asset transactions more secure,” adding, “Investors are entitled to truthful information so they can make fully informed investment decisions.”

SEC Orders Telegram to Return $1.2 Billion to Investors, Pay $18.5 Million Penalty to Settle Charges

On June 26, the SEC obtained court approval of settlements with Telegram to resolve charges that its unregistered ICO of “Grams” violated federal securities laws. According to the settlement, without admitting or denying the allegations, the defendants agreed to return more than $1.2 billion to investors and to pay an $18.5 million civil penalty.

Kristina Littman, Chief of the SEC Enforcement Division’s Cyber Unit, noted that “new and innovative businesses are welcome to participate in our capital markets but they cannot do so in violation of the registration requirements of the federal securities laws.” She added, “This settlement requires Telegram to return funds to investors, imposes a significant penalty, and requires Telegram to give notice of future digital offerings.”

The SEC first filed its complaint against Telegram in October 2019, after it failed to register its early sale of $1.7 billion in “Grams” tokens.

Chinese Authorities Arrest Over 100 People for Involvement in the PlusToken Ponzi Scheme

On July 31, Chinese authorities arrested 109 people suspected of involvement in the PlusToken cryptocurrency fraud ring. The South Korean Ponzi scheme was advertised as a high-yield investment for crypto traders, with the company claiming investors would achieve 9% to 18% monthly returns.

Members were encouraged to bring others into the fold in exchange for a commission, creating a Ponzi scheme of massive proportions. Last year, the operators of PlusToken performed a suspected exit from their scam, in which roughly $3 billion was withdrawn from the accounts of up to four million users who suddenly found themselves unable to access their funds. The Chinese Ministry of Public Security says that they have 27 “major criminal suspects” and a further 82 “key” members of PlusToken in police custody.

As this case keeps unfolding, the real scope of the financial damage continues to come to light. The original estimate of the amount stolen was $3 billion, but Chinese media outlet Chain News now suggests that $6 billion was stolen from investors. This news comes after similar events have unfolded in the UK, where authorities recently closed down cryptocurrency scam platform GPay Ltd. The UK High Court ordered GPay to pay for the loss of £1.5 million ($1.8m) in investor funds.

US Prosecutors Attempt to Return $6.5 Million in Crypto to Victims of Ponzi Scam

US prosecutors are attempting to return $6.5 million in cryptocurrency that was taken from the victims of the “Banana.Fund” crowdfunding project—an alleged Ponzi scheme.

The official report did not identify the operator of Banana.Fund by name. However, several victims of the alleged scam have testified that the fund was run by a British national named Richard Matthew John O’Neill aka “Jo Cook.”

Federal prosecutors have accused Banana.Fund’s administrator of admitting to investors his project had flopped, promising to return $1.7 million, and then failing to do so. Prosecutors allege that the admin then secretly began a laundering and refund scheme that resulted in the US Secret Service’s (USSS) seizure of 482 bitcoin (BTC) and 1,721,868 tether (USDT).

The lawsuit, filed July 29 in the US District Court for the District of Columbia, aims to give the federal government ownership of the assets so they can be returned to the victims.

The way cryptocurrencies are treated in the judicial system can reveal the direction of the law’s treatment of cryptocurrencies moving forward. As governments find ways to return stolen or scammed funds to their rightful owners, the repercussions will be felt far beyond the confines of this particular case.

Centra Tech Inc. Co-Founder Implicated in $25 Million Scam

On July 13, Sohrab “Sam” Sharma, the co-founder of Centra Tech Inc., officially changed his plea to guilty for his involvement in a scam that stole more than $25 million from investors through an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) that his company promoted with the help of celebrities, including boxer Floyd Mayweather and musician DJ Khaled.

Robert Farkas and Raymond Trapani, Centra Tech’s other co-founders, have already pleaded guilty to the charges that they lied to investors about having developed “Centra Card”—a purported debit card that allowed customers to use crypto to make Visa- and Mastercard-backed purchases.

The trio is also accused of having falsely claimed that they had a Harvard-educated CEO with more than 20 years of business experience, partnerships with large companies including MasterCard and Visa, and licenses in more than 38 states. Prosecutors allege that they touted these falsehoods to solicit investors to pour more money into the fraudulent Centra Token scam.

$15 Million in Crypto and Supercars Seized as Chinese Police Bust Arbitrage Scam

On July 9, China’s Ministry of Public Security announced they had seized over $15 million in crypto, and supercars worth an additional $2 million, from the alleged operators of a novel scam that sold counterfeit tokens. This operation resulted in the arrests of ten individuals suspected of operating the fraudulent scheme.

According to the ministry, this is the first reported criminal case in China where victims were allegedly scammed using blockchain smart contracts to generate fake cryptocurrencies. The case was first reported to the police in April 2020 by a victim, identified as Li, who had joined a Telegram group called “Huobi Global Arbitrage HT Chinese Community.”

According to Li, the group advertised a blockchain smart contract that supposedly generated Huobi Tokens (HT) that could yield an arbitrage opportunity with a return of 8%. Li explained how the smart contract worked: “Simply put, you send one unit of ETH to a designated address, you will receive 60 HT. And then you can sell it to gain the difference.” However, after Li sent 10 ETH to the ethereum address provided by the Telegram group’s administrator, the 600 HT he received in return were fake tokens which could not be deposited for selling.

Police Arrest BitGrail Boss for His Role in Largest Cyber-Financial Attack in Italy

The man who ran Italian-based cryptocurrency exchange BitGrail was arrested for allegedly defrauding more than 230,000 people of €120 million ($146 million) collectively. In what was deemed “the biggest cyber-financial attack in Italy and one of the biggest in the world,” the BitGrail boss faced charges of computer fraud, fraudulent bankruptcy, and money laundering.

In 2018, the same man alerted police of a Nano Coin hack, communicating the loss of “a huge sum.” Ivano Gabrielli, who is the head of the National Centre for Cyber Crimes in Italy, said that when their team started investigating, it became clear that the man was actually the head of BitGrail “[and] it…[was]…not yet clear whether he participated actively in the theft or if he simply decided not to increase security measures after discovering it.”

The police further allege that the man, a 34-year-old known as “F.F.,” interfered to prevent them from halting the continuing theft.

Promoter of Australian Cryptocurrency Lending Scheme Sentenced to 20 Years

John Bigatton, an Australian man who worked as a promoter for cryptocurrency lending scheme BitConnect, was charged by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) and sentenced to a maximum of two ten-year terms in prison. Bigatton was found to be operating an unregistered managed investment scheme that gave unlicensed financial services and lied to customers by providing misleading financial statements. At one point during the height of ICO mania, the BitConnect pyramid scheme was valued at over $2.5 billion.

Prior to Bigatton’s sentencing, the ASIC in September banned Bigatton from providing financial services. In addition to his prison sentence, Bigatton will also have to pay restitution of at least $80K in Australian currency (US$58.5K).

Investment schemes like BitConnect were rampant at the height of the 2017 cryptocurrency bull market, which may hold lessons for the nascent DeFi sector. By the end of 2019, the total locked value in DeFi was less than $1 billion. Total locked value is by the end of 2020 was over $19.8 billion, inspiring comparisons to the 2017 cryptocurrency bubble. Those looking to “get rich quick” by launching a DeFi protocol without taking proper security audit measures shouldn’t forget 2017. As the BitConnect case illustrates, the perpetrators of fraud and negligence are still being charged.

The US Department of Justice Seized $24 Million from a Brazilian Cryptocurrency Investment Scheme

On November 4, the US Department of Justice (DOJ) announced that “Operation Egypto,” the code name used for the joint U.S.-Brazilian effort to recover funds stolen from a cryptocurrency fraud scheme, resulted in the seizure of $24 million. Brazil reached out to the United States for help in the investigation, as the scheme targeted U.S. residents, among others, by encouraging them to invest in fake investment opportunities that involved depositing either Brazilian currency or cryptocurrency in accounts controlled by the perpetrators.

According to the DOJ press release, Marcos Antonio Fagundes, the mastermind behind the scheme, was charged with “illegal operation of a financial institution, fraudulent management of a financial institution, misappropriation, violation of securities law, and money laundering.” Brazilian investigators say that the money that has been recovered will be returned to the victims.

Ilia Kolochenko, the founder of Immuniweb, a Swiss AI Online Protection Program, mentioned that for crimes like these, it is of utmost importance that multiple countries get involved so that the scheme does not have a viral effect, taking off across the web.

IRS Calls Sentencing of Ukrainian National the First Case of Bitcoin Tax Fraud in US

On November 9, the US Department of Justice (DOJ) announced that a 26-year-old Ukrainian national residing in Washington was sentenced to nine years in prison in what the IRS calls the United States’ “first Bitcoin case [with] a tax component.”

Volodymr Kvashuk is a former Microsoft employee who allegedly stole more than $10 million from the company in currency stored value (CSV) such as digital gift cards. According to Cointelegraph, Kvashuk “used the accounts and identities of his fellow employees to steal and then sell the CSV — making it appear as though his co-workers were responsible for the fraud.”

Kvashuk attempted to hide the source of the stolen value by using a Bitcoin mixing service and then communicating to the IRS that $2.8 million in crypto assets flagged as passing through his accounts had been a gift from a relative. He filed a fake tax form to back up the false claim.

OKEx Founder “Star” Xu is Being Held in Police Custody

On October 16, Chinese news sources reported OKEx founder Mingxing “Star” Xu was being held in police custody. Xu’s cryptocurrency exchange is headquartered in Hong Kong but is licensed in Malta, creating some ambiguity around where the arrest occurred.

The news followed on the heels of a report that OKEx had suspended cryptocurrency withdrawals due to the absence of one of the exchange’s private key holders—presumably Xu —though a report from Mars Finance suggests otherwise. The Mars Finance report suggested that Xu may be being held by police to assist with an investigation into the backdoor listing of OK Group, completely separate from the exchange’s halting of withdrawals.

OKEx CEO and co-founder Jay Hao stated that “the issue is over a personal matter and wouldn’t affect the business.” An OKEx statement sought to assure users of Xu’s distance from OKEx, asserting that his involvement was more recently focused on the separate entities of OK Group and OK Coin.

Poor transparency and jurisdiction shopping conspire to increase risk to traders, beyond the volatility of the underlying virtual asset. OKEx appears to be in Malta, a well-regulated jurisdiction, but according to their Terms of Service, non-Maltese and non-Italian clients are serviced through a Seychelles subsidiary, Aux Cayes. Outside of Malta and Italy, Aux Cayes offers riskier financial products, including margin lending, peer-to-peer matching, spot services, and derivative products linked to VFAs or indices.

Global Cryptocurrency Money-Laundering Cartel Busted—20 Arrested

Law enforcement agencies from 16 countries collaborated on a major crackdown in October, making 33 arrests of criminals involved with cryptocurrency money laundering. Twenty of these arrests were suspected members of the QQAAZZ criminal network, which has allegedly laundered tens of millions of dollars for cybercriminals since 2016.

According to Cointelegraph, “[the] funds are allegedly transferred through international bank accounts, shell companies based in Poland and Bulgaria, and via cryptocurrency mixing services.” To make the arrests, authorities searched more than 40 homes across Europe and seized bitcoin mining equipment in Bulgaria.

On the same day in a separate case, a New Zealand man was arrested for laundering $2 million in cryptocurrencies, in part through the purchase of luxury vehicles including a Lamborghini and a Mercedes G63.

On October 15, the US Department of Justice unsealed a superseding indictment, which detailed a case against six individuals for conspiring to “launder millions of dollars of drug proceeds on behalf of foreign cartels.” Casinos, front companies, cash smuggling, and bank accounts were all used to launder the funds, with one individual using cryptocurrency to bribe a US Department of State official in an attempt to acquire fraudulent US passports.

Money laundering is as old as currency itself. As criminals increasingly look to cryptocurrency to hide the origins of illicit funds, it will be that much more important for law enforcement and investigative agencies to leverage cryptocurrency tracing services and blockchain analytics. “Following the money” generally leads to the source.

Bitcoin Escrow Company CEO Pleads Guilty to Fraud and Embezzlement

On October 1, Jon Barry Thompson, the head of New York-based bitcoin escrow company Volantis, pled guilty to fraud and embezzlement of over $7 million in investor funds. In court documents acquired by CoinDesk, Thompson admitted to misrepresenting Volantis’s bitcoin custody, control, purchasing practices, and risk exposure to secure investor funds. Thompson could face a maximum 60-year prison term. His sentencing was scheduled for January 7, 2021.

Thompson also settled with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), agreeing to pay $7.4 million in restitution as well as being barred from all future bitcoin trading and promising full cooperation in any future CFTC investigations.

Crypto Trader Charged with Fraud and Ordered to Repay Over $6 Million to Investors

Thomas J. Gity, a Florida man running a digital assets day trading company, was charged with fraud and embezzlement of over $6 million from investors. The SEC complaint, dated September 29, alleged that Gity defrauded investors of $6.8 million from January 2018 through January 2019 by promoting the false representation that “he was a highly-profitable digital asset trader and had never lost money during a trading day.”

Gity used this lie, along with promises of huge returns, to lure in over 18 investors to his operation. He also asserted that he had $100 million under management. The SEC alleges that Gity used the majority of investor funds to perpetuate his Ponzi-like scheme, while funneling about $1.8 million to his son.

Coincheck Hack Proceeds Seized in Japan’s First Official Seizure of Cryptocurrency

On August 19, the Tokyo District Court issued an order of seizure for a portion of misappropriated funds that were stolen from the Tokyo-based crypto exchange Coincheck.

In 2018, Coincheck was hacked and over $500 million in NEM (XEM) was stolen by the perpetrators of the attack. At the time, it was one of the biggest crypto hacks yet. However, since then, the value of XEM tokens has dropped by 93%. The original sum is now estimated to be worth around $39 million.

Reportedly, the court issued an order of seizure from Takayoshi Doi, an Obihiro City doctor. Doi is not suspected of being involved in the 2018 hack; however, he was charged for his purchase of XEM originating from the hack.

This action marked the first time that a Japanese court ordered the seizure of cryptocurrency. The funds in question amount to roughly 4.8 million yen ($45,000) in both XEM and bitcoin. Doi is expected to keep the funds safe until an official verdict is handed down.

Justice Department Charges Airbit Founders with Cryptocurrency Mining Fraud

On August 18, The U.S. Department of Justice released an indictment charging the operators of AirBit for international fraud, money laundering, and defrauding individuals through a purported cryptocurrency company.

The five founders of AirBit Club—Pablo Rodriguez, Gutemberg Dos Santos, Scott Hughes, Cecilia Millan and Jackie Aguilar—had been running the company since the beginning of 2015. Airbit was advertised as a cryptocurrency mining and trading company according to the Justice Department.

Victims interviewed about the scam testified that they were under the impression that they had profited when viewing their accounts on the Airbit website; however, these profits were nonexistent in reality. Instead, the operators of Airbit were using those funds to pay for their extravagant lifestyles. The Justice Department alleged that the group is also involved in the laundering of at least $20 million of the proceeds from the scheme.

Malaysian Authorities Arrest Crypto Miners That Stole $600K+ in Electricity

On September 1, Malaysian state officials put an end to a three-year-long crypto mining operation that had stolen more than $600,000 worth of electricity.

“We found that illegal wiring was installed so that electricity was supplied directly and not through the TNB meter,” said Nazlin Alim Sadikhi, a regional director with the country’s Energy Commission.

Sadikhi explained that the group’s largest crypto mining rigs consisted of over 100 individual mining devices and had been operating nonstop for three years. The perpetrators of this scheme only paid $7 to $14 monthly for electricity but consumed over $20,000 worth of power per month.

OCC Hits New York Based Bank with First-Ever Enforcement Action for Lack of Crypto AML Compliance

On January 30, 2020, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) issued the first cryptocurrency-related enforcement action against New York’s M.Y. Safra Bank (MYSB)—the first-ever enforcement action against a US-based bank. The OCC alleged that, for more than two years, MYSB failed to fully vet its cryptocurrency customers and transactions in high-risk jurisdictions.

The order was wholly focused on deficient anti-money laundering (AML) practices for compliance and monitoring of the bank’s Digital Asset Customers (DACs). The lack of AML controls cited include opening accounts for DACs without sufficient customer due diligence (CDD) and a lack of adequate monitoring and investigating of suspicious transactions linked to these customers. The entities included cryptocurrency exchanges, bitcoin ATM operators, ICOs, incubators, and virtual OTCs as well as other crypto-related businesses.

Read more details on the CipherTrace blog: https://ciphertrace.com/occ-hits-new-york-based-bank-with-first-ever-enforcement-action-for-lack-of-crypto-aml-compliance/

Major Thefts, Scams, and Fraud

Massive exit scams have dominated cryptocurrency crimes in the last two years. 2020 saw WoToken, a similar scheme to 2019’s PlusToken HYIP, defraud investors out of $1.1 billion in its exit scam. As a result of these large rackets, fraud made up 73% of 2020’s total crime volume. However, data also indicates that 2020’s hacks were smaller than those the year prior—a sign of increasing maturity in the crypto space as entities continue to harden systems and take precautions against inside and outside threats. A summary of major thefts, scams, and fraud can be found below.

Social Media Giant Twitter Compromised by Insiders

On July 15, Twitter accounts for multiple high-profile cryptocurrency exchanges, public figures, and various entities were taken over by hackers promoting a bitcoin doubler scam. The scammers soon after began moving funds into cryptocurrency exchanges and mixing services.

On July 30, Twitter released an update on their investigation, claiming that the hack, in which over 130 verified Twitter accounts were compromised, was the result of a “phone spear-phishing attack” against its employees. Hackers were successful in tweeting a Bitcoin phishing scam from 45 out of the 130 hacked accounts, which included those of Barack Obama, Elon Musk, Bill Gates, and Joe Biden.

Phone spear phishing is a sophisticated form of phishing in which malicious actors target specific businesses or individuals using phone calls. During these calls, the Twitter hackers may have convinced victims to hand over passwords or other information used to access Twitter’s internal tools.

“The attack on July 15, 2020, targeted a small number of employees through a phone spear-phishing attack,” Twitter said in a tweet, adding, “This attack relied on a significant and concerted attempt to mislead certain employees and exploit human vulnerabilities to gain access to our internal systems.”

Our research showed that the majority of Bitcoin sat in unattributed addresses after the hack—most likely private wallets. We were also able to trace portions of the bitcoin into exchanges and other wallet services, specifically those with privacy-enhanced features.

In the aftermath of the hack, the details of Twitter’s lack of security protocols were harshly revealed. According to Decrypt, “over 1,000 Twitter staff and even outside contractors had access to the platform’s so-called ‘God Mode’ administrative panel. It was revealed by Bloomberg in 2017 and 2018 that those contractors with access to the admin tool had previously misused it to snoop on the likes of Beyonce, tracking the musician’s geolocation data and viewing private information.

Read our full analysis of the hack in our blog: https://ciphertrace.com/twitter-hacked-insiders-compromise-social-media-giant/

Cryptocurrency Exchange KuCoin’s Hot Wallets Hacked for Millions 

On September 26, the Singapore-headquartered digital asset exchange KuCoin announced that it had detected large withdrawals of bitcoin (BTC) and ethereum (ETH) tokens to an unknown wallet beginning at 19:05 UTC the day prior, affecting roughly $150 million in user funds.

In a livestream, KuCoin CEO Johnny Lyu said that the group that infiltrated their system had obtained the private keys to KuCoin’s ethereum hot wallets. The hackers then sent the majority of the contents of two hot wallets to an outside ethereum address. In total, the attackers were believed to have made off with 11,480 ETH.

After the hack, KuCoin transferred the remainder of its hot wallets to new secure wallets and froze all customer deposits and withdrawals. Most of the stolen cryptocurrencies were ERC20 tokens, which can be easily laundered through DeFi protocols. This case marks the first high profile instance of a DEX, in this case Uniswap, being used as a money mixer. Unlike centralized exchanges, a DEX can’t freeze funds—only specific projects can.

On October 3, Lyu announced that the exchange had identified the suspected hackers and had officially involved law enforcement in their investigation.

DeFi Hackers Use Complex Attack to Steal $500,000 From Balancer

On June 29, Balancer, a Decentralized Finance (DeFi) liquidity providing platform, was hacked for $500k in crypto. Following several reports online, Balancer confirmed that an incident occurred that affected two pools containing transfer fees, known as deflationary tokens.

Balancer described how the attackers took a flash loan in Ethereum (ETH) from the non-custodial exchange dYdX, converted those ETH into WETH (Wrapped Ethereum), executed a subsequent trade for STA tokens, and finally drained the STA balance from the pool. According to the platform, once the balance of the pool approached zero, “its price relative to the other tokens [was] extremely high and the attacker [used] STA to swap for other assets in the pool extremely cheaply.”

CryptoNews pointed out that this attack bears similarity to others that happened earlier this year. Back in February, tokenized margin trading and lending platform bZx suffered two attacks, which were defined not as oracle attacks, but “a clever arbitrage execution.”

This attack is unfortunately just one in a line of many blows to the DeFi industry. In February, hackers also targeted a known vulnerability in the callback mechanism of ERC777, which allowed hackers to hijack a transaction and sell the same batch of tokens multiple times. These instances highlight the need for enhanced security mechanisms and audits to catch attacks early and, ideally, prevent them altogether.

Instagram Influencer “Hushpuppi” Hides $14 Million of Stolen Funds in Bitcoin

The Federal Bureau of Investigation believes two Nigerian nationals may have hidden a significant amount of the $17 million they acquired through a phishing scheme in Bitcoin. The scammers were reportedly identified as Raymond Abbas, known to his 2.4 million Instagram followers as “Hushpuppi,” and Olalekan Jakob Ponle, known as “Mr. Woodbery.”

The pair allegedly posed as the accountants of two Chicago-based companies as part of a large-scale phishing scheme. One firm reportedly lost $15.2 million in this manner while another company’s employees transferred over $2.3 million to the suspects.

A criminal complaint filed by the US Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois and a special agent-in-charge of the Chicago office of the FBI stated, “The emails were nearly identical to prior legitimate emails sent over the company’s email account, but the fraudulent emails instructed victims to wire funds to a bank account that was set up by money mules at the direction of Ponle.”

Brigadier Jamal Salem Al Jallaf, the director of Dubai’s Criminal Investigation Department, said the local police also confiscated “incriminating documents of a planned fraud on a global scale worth AED 1.6 billion ($435 million).”

New Zealand Police Seize $90 Million in Investigation of BTC-e Exchange

On June 22, the Asset Recovery Unit in New Zealand announced the freezing of $90 million as part of a global investigation into BTC-e—the now-defunct Bitcoin exchange run by Alexander Vinnik. Police Commissioner Andrew Coster said that the “New Zealand Police has worked closely with the Internal Revenue Service of the United States to address this very serious offending.”

Vinnik is accused of facilitating the laundering of proceeds from cybercriminals, ransomware scams, identity theft schemes, actions by corrupt public officials, tax fraud, and drug rings. His notorious exchange, BTC-e, was one of the world’s largest and has traded at least $4 billion worth of bitcoin with “high levels of anonymity,” the US Department of Justice has said. BTC-e facilitated criminal activity by not requiring users to validate their identity and has been accused of anonymizing transactions and the source of funds.

On the topic of the seized assets, NZ Police Commissioner Andrew Coster stated in a New Zealand Police Media Centre press release, “These funds are likely to reflect the profit gained from the victimization of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands, of people globally as a result of cyber-crime and organized crime.”

Nexus Mutual CEO Hacked for Over $8 Million in NXM Tokens

On December 14, Hugh Karp, the CEO of DeFi insurer Nexus Mutual, lost the equivalent of $8 million in NXM tokens in a targeted attack by one of the project’s own members. The hacker executed the attack by completing Nexus Mutual KYC process to become a member; later, the attacker switched to a new address and gained remote access to Karp’s computer and modify Karp’s MetaMask wallet extension.

Fortunately, no other members have been attacked, and, according to a Nexus Mutual tweet, “The mutual is not impacted; the pool of funds and all systems are safe.” However, after the attack was exposed, the price of Nexus Mutual wrapped tokens dropped 14% on the cryptocurrency exchange Huobi. A portion of the stolen funds were located on 1inch.exchange, a decentralized exchange aggregator.

$2.5 Million in Crypto Stolen Through SIM Card Hacks by Irish Man

On November 17, twenty-one-year-old Conor Freeman from Dublin, Ireland was given a three-year sentence after being found guilty of stealing over $2 million in cryptocurrency. Although his attorneys claimed that he acted alone, the prosecution found that Freeman was part of a group of six others who hacked crypto accounts during a three-day heist in 2018.

The group found their victims through social media, where they obtained victims’ email addresses and phone numbers to put on SIM cards. Conor Freeman’s main job was to go through victims’ emails to find their cryptocurrency accounts. The $2.5 million in stolen funds was looted from three victims.

When Ireland’s National Police Force finally caught Freeman, they found that he already spent over $130K of the stolen funds, but upon arrest he provided the digital wallet and access keys so that police could retrieve the remaining balance.

Argentina’s National Immigration Agency Hacked by Ransomware Group

Argentine government officials refused to negotiate with the group responsible for ransomware attack on its national immigration agency, Cointelegraph reported.

A group of Netwalker ransomware hackers breached Argentina’s immigration agency, Dirección Nacional de Migraciones (DNM). After the hack, DNM received a ransom note stating, “your files are encrypted.” The note elaborated that the only way to unlock the files was to buy the decrypter program from the hackers for US$2 million.

Later that day, a ransomware group posted a small portion of sensitive data to prove the validity of the hack. After the government refused to pay the ransom, the group increased the ransom to US$4 million.

The Argentine news outlet Infobae reported that the hack shut down all border crossings for more than four hours as authorities took all computer networks used by immigration officials offline. Argentine government officials responded by declaring that “they will not negotiate with hackers and are not concerned with retrieving the stolen data.”

Slovakian Crypto Exchange Eterbase Loses $1.6 Million in Hot Wallet Hack

Eterbase, a small crypto exchange in Slovakia, was hacked by a group that broke into their hot wallets and stole approximately $1.6 million in various cryptocurrencies on the evening of September 7..

Hackers broke into Eterbase’s system and stole just under $1.6 million of bitcoin, ether, XRP, tezos, algorand, and TRON. The following morning, Eterbase announced from its Telegram channel that hot wallets for six of the cryptocurrencies listed on the exchange had been compromised.

In the announcement, Eterbase shared the wallet address to which the hackers initially routed the funds but withheld further details until its own investigation into the attack could be completed.

Wotoken Ponzi Scheme Defrauds Investors of Over $1B Worth of Crypto

On May 14, the trail against six core operators responsible for organizing and leading multi-level marketing (MLM) activities for Wotoken began in the People’s Court of Binhai County, Yancheng City. According to the public hearing, this Ponzi scheme was active from July 2018 to October 2019 and had 715,249 registered users. In its little over a year of operation, the scheme netted the Wotoken fraudsters more than 7.7 billion yuan (roughly US$1.09 billion) worth of crypto.

You can find more details in our Spring 2020 Crypto Crime and Anti-Money Laundering Report: https://ciphertrace.com/spring-2020-cryptocurrency-anti-money-laundering-report/

2020 Technical Hacks

While 2020 may not have been saturated in as many exchange hacks as previous years, smaller attacks against blockchain protocols and unaudited smart contracts continued to proliferate. Below is a list of notable technical hacks that occurred in 2020.

• On December 28, Cover Protocol was exploited. Hackers deposited LP tokens to its shield mining Blacksmith contract, withdrew almost all tokens to inflate “accRewardsPerToken,” deposited LP tokens again, and then claimed the COVER rewards and tricked the contract to mint a quintillion tokens. The approximately $3 million in tokens were returned by Grap Finance with a message attached. Read our full analysis: ciphertrace.com/infinite-minting-exploit-nets-attacker-4-4m/
• On December 19, the bitcoin.org site briefly went downdue to a DDoS attack. Developers quickly started sharing files regarding Bitcoin Core v0.20.1 over BitTorrent to allow others to seed the file and keep new nodes up to
• On December 17, an oracle manipulation vulnerability in Warp Finance was exploited, resulting in the loss of approximately $7.8 million of USDC and DAI from the WarpVaultSC. The attack took place via a flash swap of $180 million from Uniswap and dYdX, which then was used to empty Warp.
• On December 21, the Ledger data breach from June 2020 was dumped on RaidForum. The breach included over a million email addresses and more than 250K physical mailing addresses and phone numbers, which are now being used in active phishing campaigns.
• On December 21, EXMO alerted users of suspicious withdrawal activity and the compromise of nearly 5% of total assets on their hot wallets.
• On November 27, there was a 51% attack on BCHA. A miner known as voluntarism.dev implied that they have chained the coinbase rule so all miners would need to send at least 100% of block rewards to the IFP address. The change would invalidate the entire BCHA (ABC) chain back to its origin, November 15, 2020, and then re-grow from there.
• On November 21, Pickle Finance’s pDAI PickleJar was hacked, which resulted in a loss of 19.76 million The loss was covered by COVER.
• On November 18, NiceHash’s DNS records were taken over by attackers following the latest series of attacks on cryptocurrency projects hosted on GoDaddy.
• On November 17, two vulnerabilities were discovered in the 88mph project, resulting in an exploit that accumulated to a $100K loss. Luckily, some funds were rescued in the Uniswap pool.
• On November 16, Origin Protocol sustained a re-entrancy attack on their Origin Dollar (OUSD), resulting in a loss of approximately $7 million. The attack was initiated via a flash loan, followed by a few stablecoin swaps and the re-entrancy attack, which was accompanied with the redeem and further token swaps.
• On November 14, DeFi protocol Value DeFi was exploited for approximately $6 million due to a flash loan attack via an attacker borrowing 80,000 ETH via lending platform Aave.
• On November 13, DeFi platform Akropolis suffered an approximately $2 million loss via a re-entrancy attack utilizing a flash loan from derivatives platform dYdX. This attack followed the same steps taken in the 2016 DAO hack, but with the addition of DeFi liquidity pools.
• On November 13, a domain name hosting provider that manages one of Liquid Exchange’s core domain names incorrectly transferred control of the account and domain to a malicious actor. This error resulted in the actor having the ability to change DNS records and take control over internal email accounts.
• On November 10, Riccardo Spagni (aka fluffypony), previous lead maintainer of Monero and co-Founder of Tari, shared information on an attacker who bumbled their way through a 51% attack against Monero, trying to correlate transactions to the IP address of the node that broadcast it. This fruitless effort caused no effect on Monero’s on-chain mechanisms, and was mitigated by Tor, I2P, and Dandelion++.
• On November 8, GRiN—the Mimblewimble-based blockchain—suffered a 51% attack. The attack most likely used rentable hashing power from NiceHash. The single attacking miner at the time of the event controlled 58.1% of the network.
• On November 7, a multisig bug in the BSV blockchain was exploited and approximately 600 BSV funds were This exploit originated from BSV removing the most widely used Bitcoin-based multisig script, Pay-to-Script-Hash (P2SH), and replacing it with a threshold that used the wrong inequality symbols.
• On August 29, ETC underwent another 51% attack which caused a reorganization of over 7,000 blocks, corresponding to roughly two days of mining.
• On July 31, 2gether suffered a cyberattack in which roughly €1.2 million in cryptocurrency was stolen from user accounts.
• On July 10, hackers attempted a 51% attack on the BitcoinGoldnetwork. An attacker mined 1300 blocks on Nicehash in secret starting on July 1st, then secretly supplied miners with updated node software to activate at block 640650, resulting in tons of public legit nodes blocks being dropped. The attack only cost $297 per hour.
• On July 11, hackers stole 336 BTC, worth approximately $3.1 million at the time, from Cashaa’s over-the-counter (OTC) desk. According to the company, hackers were able to infiltrate the personal computer of an OTC transaction manager based in East Delhi, India, infecting his device with malware.
• On July 2, a Tendermint DoS vulnerability was noted regarding Tendermint v0.33.0, which would allow block proposers to included signatures for the wrong block and allow a malicious validator to halt the entire network.
• On June 30, Vether (VETH) had their entire Uniswap pool drained, about 919,299 (VETH) equivalent to US$900K, for just 0.9 ETH ($200).
• On June 29, hackers exploited a Ravencoin vulnerability that allowed extra (RVN) tokens to be minted outside of the 5000 RVN per block that are usually created. Ravencoin believes the vulnerability was introduced intentionally from a specific GitHub account, WindowsCryptoDev.
• On June 28, two Balancer multi-token pools were exploited resulting in a loss of about $500K. The attacker used a flash loan to exploit a vulnerability in the way Balancer deals with deflationary tokens. Balancer noted that the bug was reported to them via their Bug Bounty program but was dismissed.
• On June 24, Palo Alto Networks released information on two new cryptojacking and DDoS hybrid malware from numerous incidents of CVE-2019-9081 exploitation. The cryptojacking malware, Lucifer, is capable of dropping XMRig for cryptojacking Monero as well as command and control C2 operation and self-propagation through the exploitation of multiple vulnerabilities and credential brute-forcing.
• On June 25, Palo Alto Networks released a report on cryptojacking within Docker containers and using Docker Hub to distribute these images. The malicious Docker Hub account “azurenql,” was hosting six malicious images intended to mine Monero.
• On June 1, the Netwalker gang attacked UCSF. UCSF ended up paying the ransom, roughly $1.14 million.
• On May 14, BlockFi suffered a data breach.
• On February 15, DeFi lending protocol bZx was exploited, netting the attacker a $350K profit.
• After the bZx exploit, bZx announced they use Kyber as an oracle. Two days later, an attacker manipulated sUSD via Kyber. bZx ETH pool lost about $1.8 million, while the sUSD pool gained $1.1 million. The attacker made roughly $640K.
• On January 23, BitcoinGold was 51% attacked. The attack was detected by two deep re-orgs on BTG which contained double spends.

Changes in Global Regulatory Environment

2020 saw a flood of new crypto regulations, as well as sweeping enforcement actions against VASPs and their executives for lack of regulatory compliance. The chart below shows the widely varying levels of maturity and sophistication in AML/CTF regimes around the globe. The gaps in these regulations present avenues that can be exploited by money launderers and terrorist organizations. Specifically, the money laundering potential of crypto-to-crypto exchanges and privacy coins are not well addressed by lawmakers attempting to regulate digital assets based on the physics of fiat currency.

FATF—Revised Standards on Virtual Assets 12-Month Review

On June 24, 2020, the Financial Action Task Force met virtually to review global progress towards implementing new anti-money laundering guidance for virtual assets and VASPs. Details of the session released in FATF’s report offer a hopeful outlook for VASPs and the greater cryptocurrency community.

The scope of the review highlights three main assessment areas: emerging market trends and money laundering risks, public sector implementation and enforcement of the revised Standards, and private sector development and adoption of a Travel Rule compliance mechanism.

According to the report, out of the 54 responding FATF and FATF-Style Regional Body (FSRM) member jurisdictions, 32 jurisdictions reported having existing AML/CFT regulations for Virtual Asset Service Providers, 13 jurisdictions reported having regulations in development, and five jurisdictions indicated the prohibition or near future prohibition of VASPs.

CipherTrace’s complete written brief on the report can be found here: https://ciphertrace.com/revised-fatf-standards-on-virtual-assets-12-month-review/

FATF—Virtual Assets Red Flag Indicators of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing

On September 14, FATF released its report on Virtual Assets Red Flag Indicators. This report is meant to assist reporting entities, such as banks, designated non-financial businesses and professions (DNFBPs), and VASPs.

Despite the focus on VASPs, the paper does recognize the critical role that banks provide during ingress and egress of illicit funds and highlights the use of money mules at both ends.

In order for banks to comply with any of the red flags indicated in the report, it is necessary for them to be able to accurately identify and monitor all crypto-related transactions. Doing so will allow them to identify red flags such as:

• Customers converting a large amount of fiat currency into VAs with no logical business explanation.
• Customers that operate as unregistered/unlicensed VASPs on peer-to-peer (P2P) exchange websites, using bank accounts to facilitate these P2P transactions.
• Customers using one or multiple credit and/or debit cards that are linked to a VA wallet to withdraw large amounts of fiat currency (crypto-to-plastic), or funds for purchasing VAs sourced from cash deposits into credit cards.
• Customers that are potential crypto money mule or scam victims.

EU—Crypto Businesses Faced with AMLD5 Regulation

As of January 10, 2020, the EU’s 5th Anti-Money Laundering Directive, variously referred to as 5AMLD or AMLD 5, went into effect in a bid to make fiat-to-crypto transactions more transparent. Partly prompted by the terror attacks in France, the new regulations are designed to fight terrorist financing and money laundering, while making information more accessible to European financial regulators. The directive also includes tough new regulations for virtual asset service providers (VASPs) such as virtual-to-fiat exchanges and custodian wallet providers. Noncompliant crypto service providers may be subject to fines of up to €200,000.

Many European crypto asset businesses have been unable to meet the new regulatory guidelines. Already, several companies have ceased operations, citing the extensive know-your-customer (KYC) and AML requirements as AMLD 5 became a reality. However, all the technology needed to quickly and cost-effectively bring VASPs into compliance is readily available.

Not all European VASPs are making the investment in updating their compliance regimes to meet the new AMLD5 requirements. Dutch crypto derivative platform Deribit, for example, announced plans to move to Panama in early February 2020 to avoid these regulations. Despite some arguments that the costs of compliance will not be significantly higher, Deribit claimed that the new regulations would create too many barriers for the majority of traders.

US—FinCEN Releases New Proposed Rule Aimed at Closing AML Gaps from Unhosted Wallets

On December 18, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) released a proposed rule change for virtual currency transactions with unhosted wallets. Under the proposed change, banks and money services businesses (MSBs) would be required to verify the identity of their customers and submit reports for CVC transactions over $10,000, and to keep records of CVC transactions greater than $3,000 when a counterparty uses an unhosted or otherwise covered wallet. “Otherwise covered” wallets as those wallets that are held at sfinancial institution that are not subject to the BSA and are located in a foreign jurisdiction identified by FinCEN as jurisdictions of primary money laundering concern, such as Burma, Iran, and North Korea.

However, the Biden administration, which took control of the executive branch of the U.S. government in January 2021, declared a freeze on agency rule-making, which could include the recent proposed changes to lowering travel rule thresholds and new recording and reporting requirements for cryptocurrency transactions to unhosted wallets. The freeze is only temporary, pending review by a department or agency head appointed or designated by President Biden.

Notably, there is an exception to this freeze for “financial, or national security matters,” as permitted by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). It is still unclear if these proposed crypto rules would be included under this exception. All other rules changes that have already been published in the Federal Register but have not yet taken effect—including notices of proposed rulemaking (NPRMs)— should be postponed for 60 days and opened to a new 30-day comment period for further evaluation.

US—FinCEN, OFAC Warn VASPs of Potential Sanctions Violations for Allowing Customers to Pay Ransomware

On October 1, the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence issued a pair of advisories to assist U.S. individuals and businesses in efforts to combat ransomware scams and attacks.

Treasury’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) issued an advisory to provide information on the role of financial intermediaries in payments, ransomware trends and typologies, and related financial red flags. FinCEN’s advisor highlights that detecting and reporting ransomware payments are a vital part of ransomware prevention.

The U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) issued an advisory to alert companies that engage with victims of ransomware attacks of the potential sanctions risks for facilitating ransomware payments. Sanctions compliance programs of VASPs should account for the risk that a ransomware payment may involve an SDN or blocked person, or a comprehensively embargoed jurisdiction.

US—National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (H.R.6395)

On December 11, the United States Congress presented the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2021 to then-President Donald Trump for final authorization. President Trump vetoed the bill on December 23, but the Senate overrode Trump’s veto by a wide bipartisan margin on January 1, 2021.

Most notable to the crypto community, this year’s NDAA contains language that broadens the legal definition of “value that substitutes for currency” to include emerging payment methods such as virtual currencies.

The NDAA also clarifies the definition of money transmitting businesses and services by replacing the generalized term “funds” with “currency, funds, or value that substitutes for currency.”

US—OCC Issues Statement Allowing Banks to Hold Crypto Assets for Customers

On July 22, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) issued a statement that gave a green light to bank to hold crypto assets for their customers. The new guidance affirmed that bank custody services, which include holding digital assets, can extend to cryptographic keys and other crypto-related assets.

Jonathan Gould, senior deputy comptroller and chief counsel, wrote, “We conclude a national bank may provide these cryptocurrency custody services on behalf of customers, including by holding the unique cryptographic keys associated with cryptocurrency.” He also reaffirmed the OCC’s position that “national banks may provide permissible banking services to any lawful business they choose, including cryptocurrency businesses, so long as they effectively manage the risks and comply with applicable law.”

As advancements are made in the financial technology sector, banks must adapt to the changing landscape to provide the necessary services that their customers require. According to the OCC, “as the financial markets become increasingly technological, there will likely be an increasing need for banks and other service providers to leverage new technology and innovative ways to provide traditional services on behalf of customers. By providing such services, banks can continue to fulfill the financial intermediation function they have historically played in providing payment, loan, and deposit services.”

US—4th Amendment Does Not Protect Bitcoin Data, Says US Appeals Court

On June 30, a three-judge panel from the Fifth Circuit courts ruled that the American government’s Fourth Amendment does not apply to bitcoin transaction data used in a crime if the data stems from virtual currency exchanges. The US court ruled against a defendant, Richard Gratkowski, who attempted to leverage the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures of private property in an appeal.

Gratkowski was charged with allegedly making payments to a child pornography website, sending bitcoin to the web portal via his Coinbase account. In the process of the investigation, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) subpoenaed Coinbase for Gratkowski’s transaction records. However, Gratkowski appealed the case and said that his bitcoin transaction history deserves Fourth Amendment protection.

Judge Haynes, who voted to strike down the appeal, explained: “Coinbase is a financial institution, a virtual currency exchange, that provides Bitcoin users with a method for transferring bitcoin. The main difference between Coinbase and traditional banks, which were at issue in Miller, is that Coinbase deals with virtual currency while traditional banks deal with physical currency.”

US—DOJ Publishes Cryptocurrency Enforcement Framework

On October 8, the US Department of Justice published the Cryptocurrency Enforcement Framework. The Framework is broken down into three parts: an overview of cryptocurrency-related threats, laws and regulations to combat these threats, and ongoing challenges and future strategies for cryptocurrency enforcement.

The framework distinguishes three main categories in the illicit use of cryptocurrencies: 1) using cryptocurrency directly to commit crimes or to support terrorism; 2) using cryptocurrency to hide financial activity, such as evading taxes or operating an unregistered MSB; or 3) committing crimes within the cryptocurrency marketplace itself. In discussing the DOJ’s ongoing challenges in combating these threats, the framework promises that the Department of Justice will continue its aggressive investigation and prosecution of those who use cryptocurrencies to commit, facilitate, or conceal their crimes, highlighting the fact that the DOJ “has prosecuted a number of individuals operating as P2P exchangers for money laundering and for violating the BSA.”

UK—FCA Becomes AML and CTF Supervisor for UK Cryptoasset Activities

On January 10, 2020, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) became the anti-money laundering and counter terrorist financing (AML/CTF) supervisor for businesses carrying out cryptoasset activities under the amended Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing and Transfer of Funds Regulations. This amendment was a result of the implementation of AMLD5 into the UK’s national legislation. Under the new regulations, cryptoasset businesses operating in the UK are now required to register with the FCA before providing services within the country, on top of integrating traditional AML requirements such as undertaking customer due diligence, enhanced due diligence, reporting, and monitoring.

UK—FCA Issues Notice to UK Cryptoasset Businesses

According to the Financial Conduct Authority’s (FCA) crypto money laundering regulations, existing businesses had until June 30, 2020, to register with the FCA and apply for priority review of their business. Companies that failed to apply by that date were warned of the potential to encounter registration processing delays. Any companies not registered with the FCA were required to cease trading on January 10, 2021.

Any new UK cryptoasset businesses that began operations after January 10, 2020, must now register with the FCA before conducting business.

UK—New National Risk Assessment of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing

On December 17, the Treasury and the Home Office jointly published the UK’s third national risk assessment of money laundering and terrorist financing (NRA). This assessment updated the findings of the previous NRA, published in 2017. Most notably, the 2020 NRA increased the money laundering and terrorist financing risk of cryptoassets from “low” to “medium.” The assessment noted that the cryptoasset ecosystem has matured, developed, and expanded considerably in the last three years; however, by their analysis this maturation has also provided additional opportunities for abuse resulting in “an increased money laundering risk, with criminals increasingly using and incorporating them into their money laundering methodologies.” The NRA also noted that the inclusion of VASPs into the Money Laundering Regulations (MLRs) since January 2020 would help to mitigate vulnerabilities over time.

France—Mandatory KYC Rules for All Cryptocurrency Transactions on the Horizon

On December 8, France announced its plan to implement strict KYC rules for all cryptocurrency transactions and impose harsher requirements on crypto-to-crypto exchanges. Terrorist attacks funded by cryptocurrencies were cited as the main motivating force behind these changes, following the September arrest of 29 people suspected with involvement in cryptocurrency financing of terrorism. The event prompted France’s Finance Minister, Bruno Le Maire, to declare that proposals would be made “to strengthen the control of financial funds.”

The details of the decree explain that any cryptocurrency transaction worth more than €0 will go through a KYC process and require two forms of government identification. Also, all crypto-to-crypto exchanges will need to register to obtain a license in order to operate. As of now, the limit for KYC checks is capped at €1,000 and only for crypto-to-fiat. Exchanges that fail to register by the deadline could face fines or imprisonment.

These strict regulations will increase the user onboarding costs for French exchanges from approximately €1 per user to about €5. Pierre-Guy Bareges, CTO of Digital Service Group, noted that the KYC rule change “is a ‘concern for all actors in France’ because customers could go to foreign exchanges where constraints are much less restrictive.”

These measures are currently in the ordinance stage and are expected to become a decree early 2021. Decrees do not need parliamentary approval in France before becoming a law. Once a law, all crypto firms will have six months to comply.

South Korea—New Tax Targets Crypto Traders

On July 22, the South Korean government unveiled its new crypto tax proposal. According to the proposal, traders earning over $2,100 a year are set to pay a 20% tax on their earnings—a considerably lower threshold than what is imposed on stock market traders, who are not taxed on earnings up to $42,000 from investments in KOSDAQ-listed companies.

Tax authorities also issued a warning to those who may attempt to bypass tax measures by trading on overseas-based exchanges. Undeclared traders will face an additional 20% tax bill on undisclosed trades.

South Korea—Plans to Ban Privacy Coins

On November 3, South Korea announced it will ban privacy coins countrywide in 2021 while enforcing stricter KYC requirements on crypto users. The new regulations, filed as updates to the country’s Special Payment Act, will outlaw so-called “dark coins” that are considered hard to trace. Exchanges have six months to show compliance with the KYC elements of the law.

The Singapore branch of OKEx and the Singaporean exchange Upbit delisted privacy coins based on their interpretation of FATF guidelines in September 2019. In November 2020, Colorado-based ShapeShift also delisted privacy coins Zcash, Dash, and Monero.

Kyrgyzstan—National Bank Developing New Cryptocurrency Laws

On November 13, the National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic announced that is developing a draft law that would give them the jurisdiction to regulate crypto sales and purchases in order to better track fraud and protect consumer rights.

Pakistan—Creation of Crypto Framework in the Works

On November 6, Pakistan’s Security and Exchanges Commission (SECP) announced it is working on creating a framework for cryptocurrency regulation in the country. Pakistan sees the adoption of digital currency as a chance to present a “robust regulatory regime at par with the World for regulating Digital Assets.” The country hopes to have its own central bank.

Central Bank Digital Currencies

As central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) transition from pilot stages to retail use, prioritizing compliance with AML and CFT regulations will be of paramount importance. Just as fiat currencies are frequently transferred across borders, we should expect the same will be true for CBDCs, and so Travel Rule regulations should also be taken into account.

The jury is still out on the ultimate impact CBDCs will have on the global economy. The development of CBDCs by different countries at varying rates poses questions about global adoption and interoperability. While the countries listed below have made strides in CBDC development in 2020, many countries still lack the legal structures to allow for CBDCs.

BIS—Central Banks Reject Popular Narrative Regarding CBDC Issuance Motives

On June 24, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) released a statement in which they rejected the supposition that private-sector stablecoin proposals—such as Libra—have spurred the issuance of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs).

BIS explained the newfound interest in CBDCs as a realization that digital currencies present a vessel through which they can shape the future of payments. The report states, “CBDC issuance is not so much a reaction to cryptocurrencies and private sector ‘stablecoin’ proposals, but rather a focused technological effort by central banks to pursue several public policy objectives at once.”

The report provides an alternative explanation to the sudden increase in CBDC tests, hirings, and studies that have occurred in the past year. Regardless of the reasons behind the boom in CBDC interest, the BIS made it clear that digital currencies are likely transformative, and that “CBDCs have the potential to be the next step in the evolution of money.”

US—National Banks Can Use Stablecoins to Facilitate Payments, OCC Says

On January 4, the US Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) issued an interpretive letter permitting national banks and Federal savings associations to use stablecoins and independent node verification to engage in and facilitate payment activities as settlement infrastructure within the US financial system.

According to the letter, banks can now validate, store, and record payments transactions by serving as a node on an independent node verification network (INVN). Likewise, a bank can use INVNs and related stablecoins to carry out other permissible payment activities. However, any stablecoin arrangements “should have the capability to obtain and verify the identity of all transacting parties, including for those using unhosted wallets.”

The OCC’s guidance is a critical first step towards enabling US banks to provide financial services through stablecoin networks. However, the letter warns that banks thinking of engaging in INVN-related activities must also be aware of the potential risks posed to their institutions, including operational risks, compliance risk, and fraud. New technologies require enough technological expertise to ensure banks can manage these risks in a safe and sound manner.

The interpretative letter also stated that while banks should conduct due diligence and ensure they assess the AML and compliance risks associated with banking any stablecoin issuers, they should also ensure an understanding of the risks of cryptocurrency in general.

The US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) responded to the OCC Interpretation, stating that certain stablecoins might not constitute securities under federal law. According to the statement, the SEC is willing to provide a “no-action” position regarding whether or not activities with respect to certain stablecoins invoke the application of the federal securities laws.

US—Federal Reserve Board Governor Announces Co-Op with MIT to Research Digital Currency

On August 13, the Federal Reserve Board Governor Lael Brainard said the U.S.’s central bank has been testing digital ledger technology to understand the impacts of a digital currency on the existing payments ecosystem, monetary policy, financial stability, and the banking sector. Brainard said, “With these important issues in mind, the Federal Reserve is active in conducting research and experimentation related to distributed ledger technologies and the potential use cases for digital currencies.”

Brainard explained that the COVID-19 pandemic has advanced the need for “immediate and trusted access to funds.” She observed that the recipients of COVID-19 stimulus funds spent them quickly, indicating the level of urgency needed.

“To enhance the Federal Reserve’s understanding of digital currencies, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston is collaborating with researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in a multiyear effort to build and test a hypothetical digital currency oriented to central bank uses,” Brainard said.

In her speech, Brainard mentioned that the rise of other CBDCs and private cryptocurrencies underscores the need for the US to seriously pursue a digital currency solution. According to Brainard, the US government needs to “remain on the frontier of research and policy development,” given the dollar’s role in the global economy.

The Bahamas—Sand Dollar Sees Retail Use

On October 20, the Bahamas officially became the first nation to roll out a central bank digital currency (CBDC). The “Sand Dollar” is available to transfer via cellular phone for the country’s almost 400,000 residents and is accepted by merchants into Central Bank-approved e-wallets.

By December, the Bahamian Sand Dollar was in retail use—a world’s-first for a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) outside of pilot programs. A health-foods cafe was one of the first establishments to accept payments in the Sand Dollar; $130,000 of the currency is currently in circulation.

What was that first transaction? A green smoothie and a snapper fish burger, according to a report in Reuters.

China—Central Bank Digital Currencies Make Big Strides Forward

On October 12, Fan Yifei, deputy governor of the People’s Bank of China, announced the results of the digital yuan pilot. He shared that “the bank opened 113,300 consumer digital wallets and 8,859 corporate digital wallets.” Most impressive was that the “digital wallets processed RMB 1.1 billion ($162 million) across 3.1 million digital yuan transactions between April and August when the pilots launched and ended.” These numbers make the digital yuan the most-used CBDC in a commercial setting.

Sweden—Taking Next Step on CBDC Development

In February 2020, Sweden announced the launch of the test phase of its CBDC, the e-krona, developed using blockchain technology by Sweden’s national bank Riksbank and Accenture. Now, almost a year later, it has moved onto the next step, a feasibility review led by Anna Kinberg Batra, the ex-chairwoman of the Riksbank’s finance committee. It’s estimated the review will be completed around November of 2021.

Even though the governor of Riksbank, Stefan Ingves, is enthusiastic about making the transition towards issuing digital currency, he still needs to convince Swedish parliament to make the move permanent. That should not be too difficult, as Sweden was named the world’s most cashless region in 2018 by the Bank of International Settlements. That said, there remains some concern that elderly citizens and those who live in rural areas who still rely on cash for basic transactions will be left behind by the switch.

Australia—The CBDC Race Heats Up Down Under

On November 1, the Reserve Bank of Australia announced its intention of exploring a central bank digital currency. The Reserve Bank is partnering with Commonwealth Bank, National Australia Bank, Perpetual, and ConsenSys Software on the project.

Brazil—President of Central Bank Sees CBDCs as the Future of Finance

On September 2, Roberto Campos Neto, president of Brazil’s central bank, said that his country could be ready to issue a central bank digital currency as early as 2022.

“To have a digital currency, you need an instant payment system that is efficient and interoperable; an open system, where you can create competition; and a currency that has credibility, is convertible and international,” said Neto.

The central bank introduce PIX, an instant payment system, in November 2020 soft launch. Brazil’s parliament is expected to vote on a proposal to modernize the country’s exchange rate system before month’s end.

Brazil’s CBDC working group is studying the potential impacts of a national digital currency, and will present its findings in six to twelve months.

Private Sector—Citigroup Working with World Governments to Build CBDCs 

Michael Corbat, the Chief Executive of Citigroup, was quoted at a December 2020 Bloomberg event saying that Citigroup is working with various governments around the world to assist them with building their own CBDCs. Although Corbat did not mention which specific governments the company is working with, he did say that they are working on both the development and commercialization of these CBDCs.

It was just three years ago when Corbat made the prediction that governments would launch CBDC initiatives in response to bitcoin; his bank has been researching cryptocurrencies since 2014.

Citigroup is just the latest addition from the private financial sector to join in on CBDC development, as Visa and Mastercard have also launched CBDC programs. As Corbat said at the Bloomberg event, CBDCs are an “inevitable” development in the future of money.

IOSCO—Global Stablecoins May Be Subject to Securities Regulation

On March 23, the Board of the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) published Global Stablecoin Initiatives—a report examining the possible implications of global stablecoin initiatives on securities markets regulators and how existing IOSCO Principles and Standards could apply. The report features a hypothetical case study of a stablecoin set to be used for domestic and cross-border payments, using a reserve fund and a governance board. The Report concludes that, depending on its structure, global stablecoins could and would likely fall within securities market regulatory frameworks.

Sanctioned Countries

Russia

Russian Court Rules Theft of Bitcoin is Not a Crime

On June 30, a Russian court denied a motion to demand restitution for the victim of kidnapping and bitcoin larceny. The judge ruled that the larceny was not a felony because bitcoin, a virtual currency, does not enjoy the same property protection as real assets.

The case goes back to 2018 when two men impersonating Federal Security Service (FSB) agents kidnapped the victim and forced him into giving them 5 million rubles (approximately $90,000 in US currency) in cash and 99.7 BTC — worth about $900,000 at the time. The kidnappers were sentenced to eight- and ten-year prison sentences.

As part of the criminal proceedings, the victim requested the court rule to force the thieves to repay the funds that they stole from him. The court ruled partially in the victim’s favor, asserting the thieves must repay the cash sum. However, when it comes to the cryptocurrency, the court declared that it is unable to satisfy the claim since virtual currencies are not recognized by Russia’s laws as legal tender or its surrogate.

New Russian Crypto-Related Designations

On September 10, four individuals were added to OFAC’s SDN List for attempting to influence the US electoral process. Three of the designated individuals were linked to supporting the cryptocurrency accounts of the Internet Research Agency (IRA)—a Russian “troll farm” tied to influence operations abroad on behalf of Russian political interests. According to OFAC, “the IRA uses cryptocurrency to fund activities in furtherance of their ongoing malign influence operations around the world.” These designations include BTC, LTC, ZEC, and BSV addresses.

On September 16, two Russian nationals were added to OFAC’s SDN List for their involvement in a sophisticated phishing campaign that targeted customers of two US-based and one foreign-based virtual asset service providers (VASPs) in 2017 and 2018. This attack resulted in combined losses of at least $16.8 million. The designation includes Bitcoin, Bitcoin Gold, Litecoin, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, DASH and ZCash virtual currency addresses and one Monero payment ID. This is the first time OFAC has listed Monero (XMR) in their designations.

To perpetrate their scheme, one of the fraudsters—Potekhin—spoofed the websites of numerous legitimate virtual currency exchanges to collect users’ login credentials and gain access to their real accounts. According to OFAC, the duo employed a variety of methods to move the legitimate funds out of users’ accounts, including the creation of exchange accounts with fake or stolen IDs; swaps to different virtual currencies, such as Monero; and moving the virtual currency through multiple intermediary addresses.

Once they had access to the funds, the second fraudster— Karasavidi—laundered all the proceeds of the attacks into an account under his name. Despite attempting to obfuscate the true nature of the funds by layering deposits through multiple accounts and multiple virtual currency blockchains, blockchain analytics were still able to trace the stolen funds to his account. The US Secret Service seized millions of dollars in virtual currency and US dollars from Karasavidi’s accounts in a forfeiture action.

Iran

Amid a Struggling Economy, Iran Amends Regulations to Allow for Cryptocurrency-Funded Imports

On October 25, Iran Daily reported that the Iranian government has amended previously-enacted cryptocurrency regulations to allow for legally-mined cryptocurrencies to be exchangeable when used to finance imports from other countries. A CoinDesk report on the news suggested that this amendment was made in reaction to the country’s need for an influx of international currencies to help its economy.

Iran Daily cited a report by IRNA, saying, “The miners are supposed to supply the original cryptocurrency directly and within the authorized limit to the channels introduced by the [Central Bank of Iran].” Iran Daily suggested that “[u]sing cryptocurrencies to fund imports could help the CBI evade restrictions imposed by the United States on Iran’s use of the dollar system.”

North Korea

6,000+ North Korean Hackers Hack for their Country, According to US Army Memo

A July 2020 US Army report on North Korean tactics revealed information on the hermit kingdom’s infamous network of government-sanctioned hackers. According to the report, the DPRK has more than 6,000 hackers stationed in countries all over the world, including Belarus, China, India, Malaysia and Russia.

The report suggested that the group is overseen by Bureau 121, the cyber warfare guidance unit of North Korea. It is thought that the hackers generally do not launch cyberattacks directly from North Korea, as the country lacks the IT infrastructure necessary to enable such an undertaking.

North Korean hackers have conducted numerous high-profile hacks of financial institutions and international business. The notorious Lazarus Group has successfully stolen millions from several cryptocurrency exchanges, unleashed the WannaCry ransomware on the web, and broke into Sony Pictures and leaked unreleased content and other private info. According to the U.S. Army memo, the group’s mission is to “create social chaos by weaponizing enemy network vulnerabilities and delivering a payload if directed to do so by the regime.” It’s also thought that the hackers use privacy coins to cover their tracks when converting funds into cash. This revelation highlights the need to continue developing methodologies for tracing illicit money flows via privacy coins.

Chinese Nationals Added to OFAC SDN List and Charged by DOJ for Laundering $100 Million in Cryptocurrency Stolen by North Korea

On March 2, the U.S Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) added two Chinese nationals to the Specially Designated Nationals List (SDN) for their roles in laundering stolen cryptocurrency from a 2018 exchange hack. The two, Tian Yinyin and Li Jiadong, are purportedly associated with the Lazarus Group—North Korean state-sponsored cybercriminals believed to have been behind the Sony breach and WannaCry malware attacks, and $2 billion in thefts from banks and crypto exchanges.

According to the Treasury press release, Tian and Li received approximately $100.5 million worth of stolen crypto from North Korean controlled accounts. Tian ultimately moved more than $34 million worth of these illicit funds through a bank account linked to his crypto exchange account. Li moved an additional $33 million through linked accounts at nine different banks.

As a result of these sanctions, all property belonging to Tian and Li in the US or in the possession or control of US persons and entities must be blocked and reported to OFAC. In addition, persons that transact with Tian or Li, or with their sanctioned addresses, may find themselves penalized for sanctions violations or placed on the SDN list.

In parallel, the US Attorney for the District of Columbia has brought a Verified Complaint for Forfeiture in Rem against 113 virtual currency accounts linked to the theft and money laundering process. “Today’s actions underscore that the Department will pierce the veil of anonymity provided by cryptocurrencies to hold criminals accountable, no matter where they are located,” said Assistant Attorney General Benczkowski of the Justice Department’s Criminal Division.

While the identities of virtual currency address owners are pseudonymous, these sanctions demonstrate how law enforcement can identify the owner of a particular cryptocurrency address by applying advanced blockchain analytics such as CipherTrace cryptocurrency intelligence. The use of accurate tools with high-quality attribution can not only reveal additional addresses controlled by the same individual or entity but also ensure that a financial institution or its customers are not transacting with sanctioned entities. Tian and Li’s use of bank accounts linked to their crypto exchange accounts also demonstrates the importance of banks being able to detect crypto-related transactions in their payment networks.

Read our full analysis here: https://ciphertrace.com/chinese-linked-dprk-laundering-analysis/

Venezuela

U.S. Accuses Venezuelan President of Using Crypto to Conceal Illicit Drug-Running

On March 26, the Department of Justice indicted Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro and 14 other officials for operating a narcotics ring involving drug runners, Colombian revolutionaries, and narco-terrorism. In a related press release, Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) alleged the conspirators used crypto to conceal their crimes.

At a press conference, then-United States Attorney General William Barr, along with the head of the Drug Enforcement Administration and the top federal prosecutors in Manhattan and Miami, accused Maduro of conspiring with a faction of the Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARC) rebel group “to flood the United States with cocaine,” and “devastate American communities.”

HSI Acting Executive Associate Director Alysa D. Erichs alleged the conspirators used crypto to conceal their crimes. “Today’s announcement highlights HSI’s global reach and commitment to aggressively identify, target and investigate individuals who violate U.S. laws, exploit financial systems and hide behind cryptocurrency to further their illicit criminal activity,” explained Erichs. “Let this indictment be a reminder that no one is above the law — not even powerful political officials.”

About CipherTrace
CipherTrace enables the blockchain economy by protecting cryptocurrency companies and financial institutions from security and compliance risks. Years of research have gone into developing the world’s most complete and accurate cryptocurrency intelligence and forensics, covering more than 800 currencies. This visibility into blockchain and virtual asset businesses helps protect banks and exchanges from cryptocurrency laundering risks, while protecting user privacy. CipherTrace also works with government agencies to bridge the gaps between regulation and the world of cryptocurrencies and blockchain. CipherTrace is a founding member of TRISA, the leading open source industry standard to meet the Travel Rule requirement for secure information sharing while protecting cryptocurrency user privacy. TRISA enables cryptocurrency companies to comply with the Financial Action Task Force regulations that will shape the world of cryptocurrencies, and bring them to institutional prominence as investment and cross-border payment technologies. Learn about the open source Travel Rule Information Sharing Architecture at trisa.io.

Country Internment Soon Brings Rare Earth Metals Wars & Environmental Havoc

At present there has been enough constant warfare caused by the two greatest evils on Earth, Country Internment and Currency Slavery. If 13,000 years of perpetual warfare upon Earth weren’t enough reason for every human to be protesting against it, here is a new one, Rare Earth Metals.

What are Rare Earth Metals and why are they important?

rare earth elements (REE) are a set of seventeen metallic elements. These include the fifteen lanthanides on the periodic table plus scandium and yttrium.

Rare earth elements are an essential part of many high-tech devices. The U.S. Geological Survey news release “Going Critical” explains:

“The Rare-earth elements (REE) are necessary components of more than 200 products across a wide range of applications, especially high-tech consumer products, such as cellular telephones, computer hard drives, electric and hybrid vehicles, and flat-screen monitors and televisions. Significant defense applications include electronic displays, guidance systems, lasers, and radar and sonar systems. Although the amount of REE used in a product may not be a significant part of that product by weight, value, or volume, the REE can be necessary for the device to function. For example, magnets made of REE often represent only a small fraction of the total weight, but without them, the spindle motors and voice coils of desktops and laptops would not be possible.

In 1993, 38 percent of world production of REEs was in China, 33 percent was in the United States, 12 percent was in Australia, and five percent each was in Malaysia and India. Several other countries, including Brazil, Canada, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, made up the remainder. However, in 2008, China accounted for more than 90 percent of world production of REEs, and by 2011, China accounted for 97 percent of world production. Beginning in 1990 and beyond, supplies of REEs became an issue as the Government of China began to change the amount of the REEs that it allows to be produced and exported. The Chinese Government also began to limit the number of Chinese and Sino-foreign joint-venture companies that could export REEs from China.

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It has been China that has been trying to corner the market on all Rare Earth Metals which has now lead to a ” Wild West” stampede by all of the other internment camps; not unlike the “Gold Rushes” of the past. This is only going to not only cause more warfare but in their haste to hoard these, they will be wreaking havoc upon vast swathes of unexplored Ocean Depths.

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• NEWS FEATURE
• 24 July 2019
• Correction 16 August 2019

Seabed mining is coming — bringing mineral riches and fears of epic extinctions

Plans are advancing to harvest precious ores from the ocean floor, but scientists say that companies have not tested them enough to avoid devastating damage.

In 1972, a young ecologist named Hjalmar Thiel ventured to a remote part of the Pacific Ocean known as the Clarion–Clipperton Zone (CCZ). The sea floor there boasts one of the world’s largest untapped collections of rare-earth elements. Some 4,000 metres below the ocean surface, the abyssal ooze of the CCZ holds trillions of polymetallic nodules — potato-sized deposits loaded with copper, nickel, manganese and other precious ores.

Thiel was interested in the region’s largely unstudied meiofauna — the tiny animals that live on and between the nodules. His travel companions — prospective miners — were more eager to harvest its riches. “We had a lot of fights,” he says. On another voyage, Thiel visited the Red Sea with would-be miners who were keen to extract potentially valuable ores from the region’s metal-rich muds. At one point, he cautioned them that if they went ahead with their plans and dumped their waste sediment at the sea surface, it could suffocate small swimmers such as plankton. “They were nearly ready to drown me,” Thiel recalls of his companions.

In a later confrontation, Thiel — who was at the University of Hamburg in Germany — questioned how industry planned to test the environmental impacts of sea-bed mining. He was curtly advised to do his own test. So he did, in 1989.

Thirty years on, the test that Thiel and a colleague devised is still the largest experiment ever on the potential impacts of commercial deep-sea mining. Called DISCOL, the simple trial involved raking the centre of a roughly 11-square-kilometre plot in the Pacific Ocean with an 8-metre-wide implement called a plough harrow. The simulated mining created a plume of disturbed sediment that rained down and buried most of the study area, smothering creatures on the sea floor. The test revealed that the impacts of sea-bed mining reached further than anyone had imagined, but it did not actually extract any rocks from the sea bed, which itself would have destroyed even more marine life.

There have been many attempts to advance DISCOL’s basic approach, but none has succeeded, mostly owing to technical and financial difficulties. The most recently planned mining trial, to test a robotic nodule harvester in the CCZ this April, was called off at the last minute because of a technical failure. The trial, planned by the Belgian contractor Global Sea Mineral Resources, would have given scientists a better grasp of the impacts of sea-bed mining by using a 25-tonne tractor to plough the ocean floor.

“This was definitely a significant setback, because it was really the only opportunity to try to even start to see the interaction of these big, heavy machines with the marine environment,” says Kristina Gjerde, a high-seas policy adviser with the International Union for Conservation of Nature in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Such has been the troubled trajectory of deep-sea mining ever since eager industrialists proved, nearly a half century ago, that it was technically feasible to extract rare metals and minerals from the ocean floor. Companies and nations have often promised that they would soon start pulling valuable ores from the depths, but commercial efforts have failed to take off for a variety of reasons — notably huge up-front costs, the historically low value of deep-sea ores and the lack of regulations, which have contributed to investors’ wariness.

“The technology is available — it’s the financial and regulatory uncertainty that has held the industry back,” says Govinder Singh Chopra, founder of SeaTech in Singapore, a designer of deep-sea mining support vessels.

Now, it seems this nascent industry’s time has come. A growing demand for batteries to power electric cars and to store wind and solar energy has driven up the cost of many rare-earth metals and bolstered the business case for sea-bed mining. What’s more, the industry’s long-awaited regulations — in the form of a mining code — are due to be finalized by 2020, putting in place a process whereby contractors can apply for 30-year licences to mine assigned ‘claim areas’ in parts of the international sea bed such as the CCZ. Already, miners are exploring the potential wealth of these claim areas, but no commercial extraction will begin until the regulations are in place. Investments in this industry are now growing.

Last month, a start-up called DeepGreen in Vancouver, Canada, announced that it is raising US$150 million to begin exploring mineral wealth in part of the Pacific Ocean — a sign of growing confidence in the industry’s future.

Both scientists and conservationists, however, are worried that the creation of regulations will encourage the industry to start mining long before there is enough information on how operators can avoid causing serious environmental harm. The scarce data that exist suggest that deep-sea mining will have devastating, and potentially irreversible, impacts on marine life.

Since the DISCOL experiment was completed, scientists have returned to the site four times, most recently in 2015. The site has never recovered. In the ploughed areas, which remain as visible today as they were 30 years ago, there’s been little return of characteristic animals such as sponges, soft corals and sea anemones. “The disturbance is much stronger and lasting much longer than we ever would have thought,” says Thiel.

The quiet place

The deep sea — usually defined as the realm below 200 metres — is a world of extremes. Temperatures near the sea bed in many places hover near 0 °C, there is next to no light, and pressures can exceed 1,000 bars, equivalent to having a couple of elephants standing on your big toe. But still life thrives. The deep sea contains a vast array of ecosystems that researchers have barely begun to study.

Miners have focused on three environment types to explore for potential harvesting. Abyssal plains such as the CCZ are littered with metallic nodules that form over millions of years as minerals precipitate around fish teeth, bones or other small objects. These regions are some of the quietest, most remote ecosystems on the planet, where fine sediment rains down at a rate of about one centimetre every 1,000 years. That low-energy environment is home to polychaete worms, crustaceans, sponges, sea cucumbers, starfish, brittlestars, sea urchins and various deep-sea fish, as well as countless microbial species and tiny sediment-dwelling creatures.

Another type of mineral deposit is the metal-rich crust that covers seamounts, which rise thousands of metres above the abyssal plains. These coatings are packed with high-value metals, such as cobalt, platinum and molybdenum. The seamount environment is dominated by corals, sponges and other filter feeders as well as tuna, sharks, dolphins and sea turtles.

A third form of mineral deposit that is attracting attention is massive sulfides — rich in copper, lead, zinc, gold and silver. These ores form around vents of superheated water that occur along the volcanic ridges running through ocean basins. The hydrothermal vents support creatures such as the small, blind yeti crab (Kiwa tyleri) with its characteristic blonde, furry hair, and the scaly-foot snail (Chrysomallon squamiferum), which armours its soft interior with an iron shell and is the first deep-sea animal to be declared endangered because of the threat of mining.

For years, it was assumed that the first deep-sea environment to be mined would be hydrothermal vents in Papua New Guinea’s territorial waters. Nautilus Minerals in Toronto, Canada, was pursuing that project, but financial difficulties and local opposition derailed the venture, leaving the CCZ as the most likely test bed for deep-sea mining. Estimates suggest that the nodules in that region contain more cobalt, manganese and nickel than the total of all known deposits on land (see ‘Sunken treasure’). The CCZ stretches from Hawaii to the Baja California Peninsula, and is as wide as the contiguous United States.

Companies are steadily moving forward with plans to exploit the minerals in the CCZ. The International Seabed Authority (ISA) — a 168-member body created by the United Nations to both promote and regulate sea-bed mining — has, in the past decade, granted 29 exploration licences for contractors sponsored by national governments to explore mineral wealth at a number of deep-sea locations. Of the licences granted, 16 are for the CCZ, and these cover about 20% of the total area.

Since Thiel’s first visit to the region in 1972, scientists have explored it in much more detail. Deep-sea biologist Craig Smith at the University of Hawaii in Honolulu has spent 30 years studying the communities in the CCZ, where he has collected sea cucumbers, sea urchins, soft corals, starfish, sea anemones, worms and much more. Roughly 90% of the animal species his group has collected are new to science or undescribed. Among these are rare species not found anywhere else in the deep sea. Smith thinks that, even now, scientists have sampled just 0.01% of the total area of the CCZ.

In one single UK claim area of 55,000 square kilometres, Smith and his colleagues were surprised to collect more than 1,000 animal species, which they estimate is less than half the total number living there. “And that’s not counting the microbes, of which there are over 100,000 different species,” says Smith. “We expect that there are thousands of species that are unique to the CCZ,” he says. “I’ve been studying biodiversity there for decades, but we still don’t know that much.” Some of the species could have small ranges, so if they were to be wiped out, it would be a global extinction.

Data gaps

Although deep-sea mining threatens some of these species, it has also raised awareness of the biodiversity of the sea-floor environment. By law, mining contractors are required to assess what lives in their claim area, and Smith and many other deep-sea biologists conduct ecological surveys to help contractors establish this baseline. And prospective miners can carry out tests to understand how their equipment will impact the environment they are working in.

The aim of such studies is to help miners and the ISA reduce any potential harm from the industry and to develop environmental management plans. But many researchers say that the system has not worked well in practice, in part because the requirements for baseline data are weak.

The data have been confidential, but are becoming publicly available this month. “It’s going to be quite telling because we’ll have an insight for the first time into the quality and quantity of contractor data. My guess is that many contractors are not putting together what we would regard as a thorough baseline assessment,” says Daniel Jones, a deep-sea ecologist at the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton, UK.

Another concern among researchers is that there are no requirements to test the environmental impacts of the giant mining machines before commercial extraction begins. Since 1970, only 12 small-scale tests have been done on nodule mining, most using a narrow, roughly 2.5-metre-wide instrument to disturb the sea floor. Of these, DISCOL is regarded as the most advanced, mostly because of the wider plough, the large area covered and the long time series of data. “All of these studies have flaws, and DISCOL, too, is imperfect, but it’s the best we have,” says Jones.

Many scientists and conservationists say that the root of some of the problems is that the ISA has dual responsibilities. When it was established by the UN in 1994, the ISA was given two mandates: to protect the international sea bed from serious harm, and to develop its resources, ensuring that their exploitation benefits humankind. (In national waters, countries can develop their own rules around sea-bed mining, but they must be at least at strict as the rules that will be adopted next year by the ISA). The “ISA is both poacher and gamekeeper”, says Hannah Lily, a maritime lawyer with the Pew Charitable Trusts in London, who is not speaking on behalf of Pew.

The ISA has responded to some of these concerns. It says that “an extremely important aspect of ISA’s mandate is ensuring appropriate environmental assessments and safeguards in the activities that it regulates”, for instance.

It also says that “its decisions are made by consensus among the 168 countries that make up its membership, all countries having one vote”. So far, the membership has approved only exploration activities.

The Belgian contractor Global Sea Mineral Resources has defended how mining contractors and the ISA are moving forward. It says that the ISA has been proactive in establishing an environmental management plan that includes setting aside nine areas of particular environmental interest. The intention is keep these areas — about 30% of the CCZ — free of mining to protect biodiversity.

Smothered by sediment

Mining in the CCZ, if it does happen, is still almost a decade away, with Global Sea Mineral Resources aiming to open a commercial deep-sea mine by 2027. When it does kick off, the scene at the ocean bottom will look something like this: robotic machines as large as combine harvesters will crawl along, picking up metallic nodules and sucking up the top 10 centimetres or so of soft sediment with them. Because the nodules grow so slowly, mining them will effectively remove them from the sea floor permanently, say scientists.

The nodules are an irreplaceable habitat for many of the creatures that live in the CCZ. “For most of the animals in the direct vicinity, mining will be lethal. It will wipe out most of the large animals and everything that’s attached to the nodules. That’s a given, I would say,” says Henko de Stigter, an ocean-systems scientist at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research in Texel, whose assessment is shared by many researchers.

But the impacts of mining in the CCZ would be much broader than just killing the ecosystem around the nodules. As the collectors moved across the sea floor, they would stir up large clouds of soft sediment that would disperse, possibly for tens of thousands of kilometres, before eventually resettling. At high densities, sediment plumes can bury and smother the animals on the sea floor. Just how far the sediment will disperse remains unknown. “We’re only starting to see how far the plume reaches and we’re still very far from knowing what the effect will be,” says de Stigter. Next month, he will test the impacts of a prototype nodule harvester in shallow Mediterranean waters.

Scientists are also carrying out laboratory and computer simulations to assess the impact of the disturbed sediment. One computer-modelling study, published in January (B. Gillard et al. Elem. Sci. Anth. 7, 5; 2019), found that the sediment could take up to ten times longer to resettle than is currently assumed, meaning it will probably travel farther in the water column. And some researchers say that even trace amounts of sediment stirred up by the mining operations could smother sea-floor life far away.

In the CCZ, once the nodules have been collected by a harvester, they’ll be shunted up a kilometres-long tube to a large surface support vessel, which will sort out millions of nodules a day and return the waste sediment to the sea, creating yet another plume. Right now, there’s little clarity on where the waste will be released, in part because returning sediments to the sea bed is costly and technically challenging. One suggestion is to reinject the plume at a depth of 1,000 metres, still thousands of metres above the sea bed. Scientists worry that this practice could harm or kill life at mid-water depths, just as Thiel feared 30 years ago.

Without more information about these deep-sea environments, researchers don’t even know how to define the risks. “What is serious harm? There are some clear red lines, but there’s no definitive answer to that question yet,” says Gordon Paterson, one of three ecologists who sit on the ISA’s Legal and Technical Commission (LTC), which is, in part, a scientific advisory body. “We understand that global extinction is serious harm and we know that interference in carbon sequestration is serious harm. Scientists know that mining will cause local extinction of species in the CCZ, but are we talking about the extinction of species across the CCZ or just in the mined area? It is complicated,” he says.

How to start an industry

Amid this dearth of data, the ISA is pushing to finish its regulations next year. Its council met this month in Kingston, Jamaica, to work through a draft of the mining code, which covers all aspects — environmental, administrative and financial — of how the industry will operate. The ISA says that it is listening to scientists and incorporating their advice as it develops the regulations. “This is the most preparation that we’ve ever done for any industrial activity,” says Michael Lodge, the ISA’s secretary-general, who sees the mining code as giving general guidance, with room to develop more progressive standards over time.

And many scientists agree. “This is much better than we have acted in the past on oil and gas production, deforestation or disposal of nuclear waste,” says Matthias Haeckel, a biogeochemist at the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel in Germany.

The ISA has been criticized by some researchers for seeking expert advice only from the three LTC ecologists. But Cindy Van Dover, a deep-sea biologist at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, says that the ISA receives a lot of free help from scientists such as herself. “There’s a lot of behind-the-scenes science that’s being fed into ISA,” she says.

Another charge levelled at the ISA is that it is not transparent about how it makes decisions; the meetings of the organization’s legal and technical commission, for example, are closed, and the summary reports lack detail, say Gjerde and Jones. In particular, many are upset that scientists aren’t consulted more in the granting of exploration licences. Last year, for example, Poland was awarded the right to explore 10,000 square kilometres of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge for mining. The claim area is adjacent to the Lost City, a unique hydrothermal field that has been earmarked by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization for World Heritage Site status. Both scientists and conservationists have objected to this decision. Among the critics is Gretchen Früh-Green, a biologist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, who was part of the team that discovered the Lost City in 2000.

It’s also clear that many would like the industry to find a better way of judging the harm deep-sea mining might cause before commercial extraction begins. “As the inventor of DISCOL, I would say we need a better experiment,” says Thiel. But contractors say it would be prohibitively expensive to carry out a full-scale mining trial.

The ISA sees an advantage in moving forward. “Once you have mining, you have monitoring, then you can develop standards and you can progressively tighten those standards once you have a feedback loop from monitoring your activity,” says Lodge.

Not everyone is convinced that this wait-and-see approach will work. “If industry proceeds so far, if they invest money, they will want a certain security that they can do the mining. So monitoring the mining test will not change much,” says Thiel. Jones agrees. “The regulations are quite hard to amend once they are put in place,” he says. “It would require the agreement of many nations that only meet infrequently”.

For the moment, the ISA has the tough job of getting its 168 member nations to even agree on the draft code, which conservationists and scientists hope will mandate industry to behave responsibly. After that, it will take several years for mining companies to raise money for their ventures and to build and test equipment. Given those constraints, there’s still an opportunity for scientists to improve how they gauge the risks of harvesting minerals from the sea floor. “You can’t just stick your head in the sand,” says Van Dover, “and hope it will all go away.”

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More reason to create the First Planetary of Earth and accept that all countries, by their very existence, are evil.

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Message Number 355

God Says

“Far out!” The beauty of life within the Celestial Realms which exist outside of the confines of Space/Time is that everything is a notion away. There is no distance unless you will it because there is nothing without desire. The beauty of struggle on Earth is the overcoming of obstacles. To climb the highest mountain peaks, or explore the deepest Oceans are challenges for humans on Earth that remain unmet at present. Humans on Earth like to challenge themselves. You must admit it. You set personal goals and then imagine them fulfilled as you go about doggedly trying to manifest them; for those that stay focused, there is success. Oftentimes those goals that you set for yourself will change before you have fulfilled them, so they remain unmanifested, and that is okay since you have changed your mind. From My point of view, some of these challenges that you present for yourself are without merit. Instead of building a colony upon Mars, how about achieving peace upon Earth? Instead of constructing a massive space station upon the Moon, how about ending poverty upon the Earth? Whatever happened to good will and sharing My love, as opposed to hoarding all of the wealth and power over others at the cost to all others? There is nothing wrong with setting goals and overcoming challenges that life on Earth presents you. Still… I ask each of you to at least examine those goals and then ask yourself if they fit in according to My point of view. If not… would you please consider changing them?

The Republican Party In The U.S.A. : The Lost Cause

If history repeats itself, then we already have another civil war within the U.S.A. that has already begun. Sadly, the rebels who were defeated previously were left unpunished. They should have all been executed, their assets seized and their families and supporters divested of all their worldly goods. Instead they were permitted to just return home. They kept their businesses, properties and even their careers, which included political careers. So they did not have to answer for their crimes, which is why their poison remained to resurface later. Is it the “White Superiority Syndrome” that was responsible for it? Now we have a new Rebel Leader who has decided to cloak himself with the Mantle of Jefferson Finis Davis, We are talking about Donald J. Trump (the World’s Biggest Loser ).

Just recently, Donald J. Trump has tried to ‘stir up’ the mentally deranged QANON cult followers by releasing a statement that he will be reinstated or assassinated by August, 2021. This clearly makes him an enemy of the justly elected U.S. government -Rebel- as well as an openly declared enemy of the majority of voters who voted against him. He thinks he is unaccountable for his actions and impossible to kill? “Let all the poison that lurks in the mud, hatch out.” This is the poison left behind from the previous civil war because the rebel “losers” went unpunished.

It didn’t take long for the Loser Southern Rebel States to change their narrative for their intent behind the Civil War from the ‘defense of Slavery’, to suddenly the ‘defense of State Rights’. A lie they still shout out to this very day. A tolerance of delusion that should never have been granted to them to begin with; must now be destroyed.

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The Lost Cause: Definition and Origins

October 30, 2020  •  Updated March 25, 2021

As the Civil War drew to a close in 1865, defeated Southerners looked around at the death and destruction that the war had inflicted on their homes, businesses, towns, and families. “The South was not only…conquered, it was utterly destroyed…More than half [of] the farm machinery was ruined, and…Southern wealth decreased by 60 percent,” states historian James M. McPherson. The war initiated over the issue of the preservation of slavery, as pronounced in the seceding states’ articles of secession and in the Confederacy’s constitution, was the cause of this devastation. “The prohibition of slavery in the Territories is the cardinal principle of this organization.,” read one such justification of secession and war in 1861. With the abolition of slavery becoming the law of the land in 1865, it became harder and harder for many Southerners to justify the purpose of the war and the deaths of nearly 300,000 of their sons, brothers, fathers, and husbands. Thus, many Southerners set to work to rewrite the narrative of the war. Former Confederate general and one-time commander of the United Confederate Veterans claimed, “If we cannot justify the South in the act of Secession, we will go down in History [sic] solely as a brave, impulsive but rash people who attempted in an illegal manner to overthrow the Union for our Country.” Thus, from the ashes of war, the myth of the “Lost Cause” was born.

There are six main parts of the Lost Cause myth. The first and most important myth is that secession, not slavery, was the cause of the war. Southern states seceded to protect their rights, their homes, and to throw off the shackles of a tyrannical government. To the proponents of the Lost Cause, secession was constitutional, and the Confederacy was the natural heir to the American Revolution. Because secession was constitutional, all those who fought for the Confederacy were not traitors. Northerners, specifically Northern abolitionists, caused the war with their fiery rhetoric and agitating, even though slavery was on its way to gradually dying a natural death. They also argued secession was a way to preserve the Southern agrarian way of life in the face of encroaching Northern industrialism.

Second, slavery was portrayed as a positive good; enslaved people, who were submissive, happy, and faithful to their masters, were better off in the system of chattel slavery which offered the slaves protection. Confederate Vice President Alexander H. Stephens declared in 1861 “Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its corner-stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery subordination to the superior race is his natural and normal condition.” Following the end of the war, these formerly enslaved people were now said to be unprepared for freedom, which was an argument against Reconstruction and the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments of the Constitution.

The third tenet states that the Confederacy was only defeated because of the Northern states’ numerical advantage in both men and resources. The Confederate Army was less defeated than overwhelmed, as their lesser resources. Former Confederate officer Jubal A. Early justified the Southern defeat by stating that the North “finally outproduced that exhaustion of our army and resources, and that accumulation of numbers on the other side which wrought our final disaster.” Early went on to say that the South “had been gradually worn down by combined agencies of numbers, steam-power, railroads, mechanism, and all the resources of physical science.” The lack of southern manufacturing and the outnumbered population doomed it to failure from the start. Thus, the “Lost Cause”.

Fourth, Confederate soldiers are portrayed as heroic, gallant, and saintly. Even after the surrender, they retained their honor. At one reunion oration, Confederate General Thomas R. R. Cobb, who was killed at the Battle of Fredericksburg, was compared to “Joshua in his courage,…St. Paul in the logic of his eloquence and [St.] Stephen in the triumph of his martyrdom.”

Fifth, Robert E. Lee emerged as the most sanctified figure in Lost Cause lore, especially after his death in 1870. Lee himself became a symbol for the Lost Cause, and a “Cult of Lee” revered the Virginian as the ultimate Christian soldier who took up arms for his state. He was even called the second Washington. Lee was the most successful of all Confederate Army commanders, and after the war, Jubal Early and many former Southern officers placed Lee upon a pedestal—so much so that historian Thomas L. Connelly dubbed Lee “The Marble Man.” Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson became a saintly martyr, wounded by his men while defending the Lost Cause. Even the office building where Jackson died bore the name “The Stonewall Jackson Shrine” for decades. On the other hand, James Longstreet became a villain to Lee and Jackson’s heroes, blamed for the loss at Gettysburg and vilified for his newfound Republican affiliation and the temerity to question Lee’s wartime decisions. Even former Confederate President Jefferson Davis became a reverential figure, seen as the personification of states’ rights.

Finally, Southern women also steadfastly supported the cause, sacrificing their men, time, and resources more than their Northern counterparts. The idealized image of a pure, saintly, white Southern woman emerged as well.

Many of the motifs of the Lost Cause even emerged before the war was officially over. In Lee’s farewell address to the Army of Northern Virginia the day after he surrendered at Appomattox Court House, he thanks his soldiers for “four years of unsurpassed courage and fortitude.” But in the face of “overwhelming numbers and resources,” he was forced to surrender the army to prevent further bloodshed. But the term “Lost Cause” originated almost immediately after the war ended. Edward Pollard, the editor of the Richmond Examiner, published The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates, his own justification for the war effort. In 1867, Pollard’s brother H. Rives published one of the first Lost Cause periodicals called the Southern Opinion. This weekly paper argued for a distinctive Southern culture and for the preservation of the heroism of their cause.

Southern women played a large role in spreading the Lost Cause. They immediately converted their wartime soldiers’ aid organizations into memorial organizations, to commemorate their male counterparts who fell during the war. Because women were seen as inherently nonpolitical, and memorializing was not seen as political, they were able to take the lead in memorializing and mythologizing the Southern cause. Ladies’ Memorial Associations were formed all across the South to dedicate Confederate cemeteries and organized Memorial Days for fallen Confederates. They would eventually unite in 1900 to become the Confederated Southern Memorial Association, and by then, their goals had expanded beyond just remembering their dead. Now, they collected Confederate relics and instilled veneration for the Southern cause in the younger generation through textbooks and educational outreach efforts.

In 1869, Confederate veterans including Braxton Bragg, Fitzhugh Lee, and Jubal Early created the Southern Historical Society, to shape the way future generations understood the war; the Lost Cause was central to their mission. In 1876, the society published the Southern Historical Society Papers, a collection of essays defending every aspect of the Southern war effort. Early became the most influential figure in propagating these arguments as part of the Lost Cause. While initially against secession, Early steadily rose through the ranks of the Confederate Army. After the war, he traveled the South, giving lectures and writing articles to defend Lee and attack Longstreet. He also espoused the notion that the war in Virginia was the central theater of the war. Jefferson Davis also published The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, another Lost Cause vindication of the war. Esteemed historian David Blight dubbed the work “perhaps the longest, most turgid, and most self-righteous defense of a failed political cause ever written by an American.”

By the 1880s, many Confederate veteran associations formed to both perpetuate the memory of their fallen brothers and take care of the disabled. These groups consolidated into the United Confederate Veterans in 1889. Auxiliary organizations such as the Sons of Confederate Veterans and the United Daughters of the Confederacy formed for similar purposes. The Confederate Veteran was founded in 1893 and became the official mouthpiece of the Lost Cause movement. This publication reached a mass audience and was only discontinued in 1932.

Some in the North, especially Union veterans and African Americans, were angered by glorifying the Confederate cause and slavery. However, general public opinion had shifted towards reconciliation with the defeated South, especially after they became disillusioned with Reconstruction. It was telling when two ex-Confederates were pallbearers at Ulysses S. Grant’s funeral. Thus, many Northerners accepted the Lost Cause narrative as a way to mend the wounds of the war and to move the country forward into the twentieth century.

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If there is another civil war in the United States, as Dumb Donald and his motley crew of delusional supporters are trying to make it appear that they desire, it will be a Nuclear war. We already discussed that Donald Trump initially withdrew from the Nuclear Treaties in order to revamp the abandoned ‘Davy Crockett‘ low yield Nuclear tipped field infantry launched rockets. He was hoping to use these in the war against Iran that fortunately, he was unable to start (but wishes he can). Now it would seem that these Nuclear weapons will be used in the U.S.A., rendering large portions uninhabitable for generations. If the Republicans are successful at starting the “Civil War to end all civil wars”, you will witness a death toll of no less than 50 million Americans. This should be taken seriously as a warning for those who support or just continue to permit Donald Trump to continue.

Finally! A Criminal Investigation On Trump

It has been a long time coming for Grifter and Baffoon Carnival Barker Donald J. Trump to become the subject of a criminal probe. A man who is famous for telling constant lies and somehow gets away with past frauds (Trump University). Remember that they finally got gangster Al Capone

Read it Here or below.

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Merged probe adds muscle, resources to Trump criminal investigation

Linda SoJoseph TanfaniPeter EislerJason Szep

U.S.A. May 19, 2021

 By joining forces in a newly combined criminal probe of former U.S. President Donald Trump’s finances, the New York attorney general and the Manhattan district attorney have opened new avenues to sharing critical information that could speed indictments in the sprawling investigation.

Investigators for both Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance Jr. and New York Attorney General Letitia James have been focused on some of the same questions: whether Trump or his representatives committed fraud by improperly manipulating the values on some of the Trump Organization’s signature properties, pushing them up to secure loans from banks, and writing them down to reduce his property taxes.

In a brief statement late on Tuesday, James’ office said the investigation into the Trump Organization was now considered a criminal matter and officials with Trump’s company were informed. She would now work closely with Vance, who has led a criminal probe into the company and its officers since 2018.

Two assistant attorneys general from James’ office are joining Vance’s team to work on the criminal investigation, according to a source familiar with the inquiry. The attorney general will go on pursuing a civil investigation into Trump’s finances.

 Vance and James have not accused Trump or his associates of wrongdoing, but prosecutors in both offices have spent months gathering information and testimony from bankers, bookkeepers, real-estate consultants and others close to the Trump Organization who could detail its operations, according to interviews and court filings.

The Manhattan DA has authority to handle all crimes in Manhattan, including financial crime. The attorney general’s office has statewide jurisdiction, but it also has a criminal enforcement and financial crimes bureau focused primarily on securities and tax fraud, with its own authority to prosecute complex financial crimes that cross county lines.

“What does it mean for Trump? It’s clearly not good in the sense that you now have a combining of resources, information and evidence,” said Daniel Horwitz, a white-collar defense lawyer and former Manhattan prosecutor. “It’s a muscling up and a sharing of resources.”

In a statement, Trump said he was “being unfairly attacked and abused” and vowed to “overcome” any criminal prosecution. “There is nothing more corrupt than an investigation that is in desperate search of a Crime.”

Lawyers for Trump and his business did not immediately return requests for comment.

Vance has said he is examining “possibly extensive and protracted criminal conduct” by the Trump Organization and obtained millions of pages of Trump’s tax records in February after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Trump did not have the right to shield them.

Trump already faces multiple government investigations at the local, state and federal level, including a criminal probe in Fulton County, Georgia, where the district attorney is investigating whether Trump violated election laws by pressing state officials to overturn President Joe Biden’s 2020 victory in that state. Several congressional committees also are probing Trump’s financial affairs.

Separately, the former president faces an array of private lawsuits related to business disputes and other charges. He also is a defendant in several lawsuits alleging that he incited his supporters to attack the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6 as Congress was certifying the presidential election results.

I do believe that indictments will be issued shortly, and definitely before summer’s end,” Trump’s former lawyer Michael Cohen, who has been interviewed by Vance’s investigators, told Reuters. Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to campaign finance violations and other crimes and is currently serving his three-year sentence under home confinement.

PRESSURE ON WEISSELBERG

Both the New York attorney general and Manhattan DA investigations have shown interest in Allen Weisselberg, 73, chief financial officer at the Trump Organization, where Weisselberg has served for decades as a trusted Trump confidant, managing both his personal and business finances.

The attorney general’s office, while pursuing a separate civil investigation, deposed Weisselberg last summer, and the DA’s office also has pressured him to cooperate, according to people familiar with the investigation.

“Now, they can put it all together,” said Jennifer Weisselberg. Her ex-husband, Weisselberg’s son Barry, is a Trump Organization employee.

“To build a case against Allen, they have to connect the dots, all the stuff that both (offices) have collected, and now they can do that,” she told Reuters.

Jennifer Weisselberg has been cooperating since last fall with investigators from both the attorney general’s office and the district attorney’s office.

She said she has turned over boxes of financial documents, including records on a Trump Organization apartment overlooking Manhattan’s Central Park where she and Barry lived rent-free while they were married, as well as another Trump-owned apartment where Barry lived after they divorced.

Both offices are looking at those arrangements and whether the apartments, which could be considered gifts if provided for free, were accounted for properly in tax and financial filings, she said.

“I think they’re building a case against Barry to get Allen to flip,” she said.

A lawyer for Allen Weisselberg, Mary Mulligan, declined to comment. A lawyer for Barry Weisselberg did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

One Trump property scrutinized in both investigations is Seven Springs, a 212-acre estate in Westchester County, New York. The attorney general’s statewide jurisdiction may make it easier to bring charges related to that property, experts said.

 After a long and failed effort to develop the property as a golf course and luxury home site, Trump in 2015 took a $21.1 million tax break in the form of a conservation easement, a legal promise to leave 158 acres of the property undeveloped.

Vance has subpoenaed planning records related to Seven Springs from nearby towns, while James’ investigators, in court filings, have cited emails from an appraiser who suggested Trump’s representatives were applying pressure to push that value higher.

“When you combine what each side has learned, they may be able to more quickly fill out a picture that could lead to indictments of the president,” said Claire Finkelstein, a University of Pennsylvania law professor, adding that the combination will bring “more information, more firing power and an ability to broaden the scope of a criminal investigation.”

Rebecca Roiphe, a New York Law School professor, says James’ involvement also creates an opening for Trump to attack the investigation’s legitimacy. When James campaigned for office in 2018, she criticized Trump as an “illegitimate president” and vowed to explore his business dealings.

“That certainly creates a shadow,” she said. “The question is whether or not having these two investigations joined would ultimately have an impact on the legitimacy of any prosecution.”

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It is time for the Egomaniac “Teflon Donald Trump”, to be locked up.

Legal Challenges In The U.S.A.

There are still attempts being processed by Trump Thralls in the U.S.A. doing everything to change laws and pass laws in order to make it possible for individual states to change election outcomes. It isn’t only the laws try to restrict voting but laws that advance the prospect of individual States to overturn election results. When Donald J. Trump (World’s Biggest Loser) tried to force his followers in States to overturn his defeat so he could become a dictator; they learned lessons and are prepared to pass legislation now, that will not prevent them from doing so in the future.

Many of these states are now also trying to ban protests!

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Lawmakers in 47 states have introduced bills that would make it harder to vote. See them all here

Janie Boschma, Fredreka Schouten and Priya Krishnakumar, CNN

Updated 10:05 AM ET, Sat April 3, 2021

(CNN)Lawmakers in all but three states have introduced bills aimed at restricting ballot access, according to a new tally by the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University.Their latest report finds 361 bills restricting voting have been introduced in 47 states as of March 24. The total, released Thursday morning, marks a 43% rise in the number of bills introduced since Brennan last released a count a little over a month ago.The Brennan Center’s previous tally identified 253 restrictive bills in 43 states in February.

The rise reflects a sharp contrast to a year ago — before the Covid-19 pandemic and well before the 2020 presidential election — when state lawmakers were far less interested in restricting voting access. The Brennan Center’s review of state legislation in February 2020 identified only 35 restrictive bills in 15 states.

The legislative push is part of a national Republican effort that aims to restrict access to the ballot box following record turnout in the election. Republicans currently control both chambers of 30 state legislatures, including in Texas, Georgia and Arizona. The only three states that had not yet introduced a voting bill with restrictive provisions are Delaware, Ohio and Vermont.More than half of the 361 bills would make it harder to vote absentee and by mail, after a record number of Americans voted by mail in November. Nearly one in four restrictive bills seek to impose stricter voter identification requirements.

Texas has introduced 25 bills that would limit absentee and mail-in voting, more than any other state. Georgia and Arizona — two key battlegrounds that flipped from 2016 to vote for President Joe Biden in 2020 — follow Texas with 20 and 14 introduced bills targeting absentee voting, respectively.Texas also leads the nation in the number of bills targeting voter roll purges, voter registration and polling places.As the current leader for the most restrictive bills introduced overall, Texas is a key state to watch as bills continue to advance in its legislature. Seven restrictive bills have already advanced through the Texas legislature, meaning that a bill has either passed in at least one chamber or has otherwise seen action at the committee level.

Not every bill introduced will pass, or even reach a vote. But five have already been enacted into law and at least 41 others were advancing through the state legislative process as of March 24. Those five include SB202 in Georgia, the omnibus voting bill that has generated national controversy. The other four include an omnibus law in Iowa, two laws in Arkansas that tighten voter ID requirements, and one in Utah that mandates swift removal of dead people from the voting rolls.State lawmakers are likely to act quickly in the upcoming months to introduce more legislation and attempt to get their bills over the finish line for the year. All but 12 state legislatures plan to adjourn by June 30, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.

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G.O.P. Bills Target Protesters (and Absolve Motorists Who Hit Them)

As the nation reacts to the guilty verdict a jury handed to Derek Chauvin in the killing of George Floyd, Republican-led states are introducing punitive new measures governing protests.

By Reid J. Epstein and Patricia MazzeiPublished April 21, 2021Updated April 22, 2021

Republican legislators in Oklahoma and Iowa have passed bills granting immunity to drivers whose vehicles strike and injure protesters in public streets.

A Republican proposal in Indiana would bar anyone convicted of unlawful assembly from holding state employment, including elected office. A Minnesota bill would prohibit those convicted of unlawful protesting from receiving student loans, unemployment benefits or housing assistance.

And in Florida, Gov. Ron DeSantis signed sweeping legislation this week that toughened existing laws governing public disorder and created a harsh new level of infractions — a bill he’s called “the strongest anti-looting, anti-rioting, pro-law-enforcement piece of legislation in the country.”

The measures are part of a wave of new anti-protest legislation, sponsored and supported by Republicans, in the 11 months since Black Lives Matter protests swept the country following the death of George Floyd. The Minneapolis police officer who killed Mr. Floyd, Derek Chauvin, was convicted on Tuesday on murder and manslaughter charges, a cathartic end to weeks of tension.

But while Democrats seized on Mr. Floyd’s death last May to highlight racism in policing and other forms of social injustice, Republicans responded to a summer of protests by proposing a raft of punitive new measures governing the right to lawfully assemble. G.O.P. lawmakers in 34 states have introduced 81 anti-protest bills during the 2021 legislative session — more than twice as many proposals as in any other year, according to Elly Page, a senior legal adviser at the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law, which tracks legislation limiting the right to protest.

Some, like Mr. DeSantis, are labeling them “anti-riot” bills, conflating the right to peaceful protest with the rioting and looting that sometimes resulted from such protests.

The laws carry forward the hyperbolic message Republicans have been pushing in the 11 months since Black Lives Matter protests against racial injustice swept the country: that Democrats are tolerant of violent and criminal actions from those who protest against racial injustice. And the legislation underscores the extent to which support for law enforcement personnel and opposition to protests have become part of the bedrock of G.O.P. orthodoxy and a likely pillar of the platform the party will take into next year’s midterms.

“This is consistent with the general trend of legislators’ responding to powerful and persuasive protests by seeking to silence them rather than engaging with the message of the protests,” said Vera Eidelman, a lawyer at the American Civil Liberties Union. “If anything, the lesson from the last year, and decades, is not that we need to give more tools to police and prosecutors, it’s that they abuse the tools they already have.”

Laws already exist to punish rioting, and civil rights advocates worry that the new bills violate rights of lawful assembly and free speech protected under the First Amendment. The overwhelming majority of last summer’s nationwide Black Lives Matter protests were peaceful — more than 96 percent involved no property damage or police injuries, according to The Washington Post, which also found that police officers or counterprotesters often instigated violence.

Most of the protests held across Florida last summer were also peaceful, though a few in Miami, Tampa and Jacksonville produced some episodes of violence, including the burning of a police car and a sporting goods store. Still, as they embraced the bill that Mr. DeSantis signed into law, Republican leaders expressed scorn for cities that trim police budgets and tolerate protesters who disrupt business and traffic.

“We weren’t going to allow Florida to become Seattle,” said Chris Sprowls, a Republican who is the speaker of the Florida House, mentioning cities where protests lasted for months last year and demonstrators frequently clashed with the police. “We were not going to allow Florida to become Portland.”

The Florida law imposes harsher penalties for existing public disorder crimes, turning misdemeanor offenses into felonies, creating new felony offenses and preventing defendants from being released on bail until they have appeared before a judge. A survey conducted in January by Ryan D. Tyson, a Republican pollster, found broad support in the state for harsher penalties against protesters “who damage personal and business property or assault law enforcement.”

But the law goes farther. If a local government chooses to decrease its law enforcement budget — to “defund the police,” as Mr. DeSantis put it — the measure provides a new mechanism for a prosecutor or a city or county commissioner to appeal the reduction to the state.

The law also increases penalties for taking down monuments, including Confederate ones, making the offense a second-degree felony punishable by up to 15 years in prison. It makes it easier for anyone who injures a protester, such as by driving into a crowd, to escape civil liability.

State Senator Shevrin D. Jones, a Democrat from Broward County and a vocal critic of the law, noted that Mr. DeSantis had been quick to emphasize how necessary the bill was the day after the deadly Jan. 6 riot at the U.S. Capitol but had made no mention of that event during Monday’s bill signing, focusing solely on the summer protests.

That was evidence, he said, that bills aimed at punishing protesters were disproportionately targeting people of color. “This bill is racist at its core,” Mr. Jones said.

So far, three bills aimed at limiting protests have been signed into law — Florida’s and new laws in Arkansas and Kansas that target protesters who seek to disrupt oil pipelines. Others are likely to come soon.

In Oklahoma, Republican lawmakers last week sent legislation to Gov. Kevin Stitt that would criminalize the unlawful blocking of a public street and grant immunity to drivers who strike and injure protesters during a riot. Last June, a pickup truck carrying a horse trailer drove through a crowd of Black Lives Matter protesters on a Tulsa freeway, injuring several people and leaving one paralyzed. The driver, who said he had sped up because he feared for the safety of his family, was not charged.

The bill’s author, State Senator Rob Standridge, said the Tulsa incident had prompted him to seek immunity for drivers who strike protesters. He said Tuesday he wasn’t aware of any drivers who had been charged after striking protesters in Oklahoma. “My hope is that this law never is utilized,” he said in an interview. Carly Atchison, a spokeswoman for Mr. Stitt, declined to say whether he would sign the bill, which passed with veto-proof majorities.

Tiffany Crutcher, whose twin brother, Terence Crutcher, was shot and killed in 2016 by a Tulsa police officer who was later acquitted on a manslaughter charge, said the Oklahoma proposal represents Republican efforts to extend the Trump administration’s hostility toward people of color.

Dr. Crutcher said she was convinced that if Mr. Stitt signed the legislation, it would be applied in harsher terms against those protesting racial injustice than for white protesters demonstrating for gun rights or against abortion.

“We all know that over the last four years that we saw white supremacy, bigotry and racism show its ugly head in so many forms,” said Dr. Crutcher, who quit her job as a physical therapist to work for racial justice after the death of her brother. “This is the continuation of the Trump administration that showed us every day that Black lives didn’t matter.”

While Republican lawmakers present the anti-protest legislation as support for the police, law enforcement agencies don’t necessarily back the new proposals.

The Iowa bills, part of a law enforcement package proposed by Gov. Kim Reynolds, would strip local governments of state funding if cities and counties defund their own law enforcement budgets — something that no Iowa jurisdiction has sought to do. And state lawmakers cut a proposal by Ms. Reynolds to track police-stop data by race.

The state’s police departments didn’t ask for new tools to crack down on protesters or grant immunity to drivers who strike protesters marching in streets, said Kellie Paschke, a lobbyist for the Iowa Peace Officers Association, an umbrella group for the police.

In Kentucky, where protests following the police killing of Breonna Taylor lasted for months last year, the State Senate passed a bill that would make it a crime to insult or taunt a police officer with “offensive or derisive” words or gestures that would have “a direct tendency to provoke a violent response.” The measure would have required that those arrested on such a charge be held in jail for at least 48 hours — a provision that does not automatically apply to those arrested on murder, rape or arson charges in Kentucky.

Though the legislation died in the statehouse over bipartisan concerns about free speech, the bill’s lead sponsor, State Senator Danny Carroll, a Republican who is a retired police officer, said he planned to refile it next session. Mr. Carroll said the bill was needed to ensure community safety and protect law enforcement personnel.

“They are under attack constantly,” he said, noting that police officers decades ago could “arrest someone for cussing them out,” until court rulings curtailed such police powers.

 In the hours after Mr. DeSantis signed the Florida bill on Monday, as the nation awaited the Chauvin verdict, progressive community organizers in the state worried about how law enforcement agencies might react to any protests that resulted from the decision. Moné Holder, senior director of advocacy and programs for Florida Rising, a social justice organization, said her team had spent a lot of time informing activists of their rights under their new law.

“It’s a tactic to silence our voices,” she said.

After the verdict was announced, she remained concerned about how the police would deal with community members if they chose to gather outside, to be together after an emotional year.

“To console each other, to cry, to grieve,” she said. “The fact that we have to think twice about that is troublesome.”

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These laws will have to be challenged and tossed out quickly before the next U.S. election.

Small wonder Putin and Trump love each other, they are so alike.

Big QANON Joke

There is little to believe about the nonsense that the religious cult QANON disseminates to the public. What is surprising is that this new International Terrorist Organization is suspected to have been created by Roger Stone. Stone was employed by Donald J. Trump in order to be in charge of his propaganda so that Trump could get reelected. The QANON cult was a brilliant maneuver by Roger Stone to establish a melding of politics and religion. Not unlike the establishment of a religious cult surrounding the S.S. by Himmler. So for those who ponder the identity of “Q”, need look no further than Roger Stone.

If Joe Biden does not declare open war against QANON, the threat they pose to the democratic Republic will only grow. They do not restrict their activity to the U.S.A alone, which is why they must be declared an International Terrorist Organization and treated accordingly.

Read more about the threat they pose.

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Female extremists in QAnon and ISIS are on the rise. We need a new strategy to combat them

Evelyn Hockstein Dec. 11, 2020

We refuse to treat women terrorists with the same seriousness and concern as men. The skepticism increases their danger.

QAnon supporters wait for the military flyover at the World War II Memorial during Fourth of July celebrations in Washington.Evelyn Hockstein / For The Washington Post via Getty Images fileDec. 11, 2020, 4:30 AM ESTBy Farah Pandith, adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Jacob Ware, research associate for counterterrorism at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Mia Bloom, international security fellow at New America

When President-elect Joe Biden takes office in January, he will face a shifting extremism landscape. Among the evolutions is the growing role of women in extremist groups, and the new commander-in-chief would be wise to take a fresh approach to this threat. Downplaying the phenomenon or misrepresenting what drives it, as so many previous administrations have done, will only make it worse.

Take QAnon, which will be chief among the Biden national security team’s concerns

The cultlike conspiracy movement believes President Donald Trump was divinely elected to save the world from a Satan-worshipping cabal of blood-drinking pedophiles that controls many in the media, Hollywood and the Democratic Party. QAnon will soon have a presence in Congress through newly elected Reps. Marjorie Taylor Greene of Georgia and Lauren Boebert of Colorado.

Many of the acts of violence QAnon has inspired have been perpetrated by women. Most notably, Jessica Prim, a female QAnon supporter carrying a dozen knives, was arrested in May after authorities alleged that she had livestreamed her expedition to New York City to “take out” Biden. In Texas in August, another QAnon-supporting woman was charged with aggravated assault after, authorities alleged, she rammed her car into other people she believed were involved in the kidnapping of children.

With women constituting the majority of QAnon followers, we should not be surprised that more women are involved in plots of violence. And the disproportionate participation of women in QAnon is not accidental. QAnon, like the Islamic State militant group, understands that the best way to appeal to women is by exploiting their inherent altruism and desire to protect children.

While many far-right appeals to “save the white race” or “save individual liberties” have proven popular with angry or disillusioned young men, QAnon’s “save the children” narrative evokes a more visceral — even maternal — reaction among women. Both women accused of being QAnon attackers mentioned above were crying when they were arrested, the latter reported to have insisted that the intended victim “was a pedophile and had kidnapped a girl for human trafficking.” More generally, QAnon women are using social media with soft pastel hues to disseminate the conspiracy throughout North America and internationally.

This threat is not new, but it is increasing. And if we do not take a fresh approach to countering violent extremism by women, we will face only more terror. Until now, women in extremist movements have typically been portrayed as lacking agency. Lumped together with children, they are often perceived as having been manipulated into believing extremist ideologies and described as merely playing peripheral or support roles.

This has led to a situation in which we refuse to treat female terrorists with the same seriousness and concern with which we treat men. The skepticism has real impact on the ground. “Radicalized American women tend to commit the same types of crimes and have about the same success rate as radicalized men,” scholars Jamille Bigio and Rachel Vogelstein write. “Yet they are less likely to be arrested and convicted for terrorism-related crimes, highlighting a discrepancy in treatment and leaving a security threat unaddressed.”

Research has shown, for instance, that women returning to Western countries from ISIS areas are rarely prosecuted as severely as the men or serve any jail time whatsoever, meaning these women are free to be sources of radicalization for their communities.

In the past five years, ISIS has recruited unprecedented numbers of women — taking media and policy analysts by surprise. Using culturally curated age-appropriate narratives, their specialized marketing pitches were successful in appealing to Muslim teenagers and young adults throughout the Western world and beyond.

Similar to QAnon, ISIS targeted otherwise well-intentioned young women with positive messages about helping orphans whose parents had been killed by the brutal Assad regime in Syria. In one of the most deadly incidents, Tashfeen Malik, along with her husband, Syed Rizwan Farook, opened fire at a 2015 Christmas party in San Bernardino, California, killing 14 people. Investigations suggested that it was Malik who had radicalized her husband.

Western women have also been highly effective online recruiters for young girls from their countries of origin. Teenage girls — justifiably skittish about conversing with strange men online — are likely to be less circumspect about communicating with someone of the same gender who holds allure by being slightly older, sharing their interests and confidences and conveying a sense of inclusion. Thus Hoda Muthana from Alabama recruited American girls, while Aqsa Mahmood from Scotland successfully recruited girls from Great Britain.

The growing appeal of extremist ideologies to women and girls and the female-to-female luring tactics demonstrate that something has shifted in the ideological ecosystem around identity and belonging. This looming threat requires immediate attention, and curating approaches just for women is essential.

Indeed, trying to prevent young women and girls from being recruited means increasing counterterrorism officials’ knowledge about the psychology of belonging, agency and identity. It means having tailor-made programs that, for example, use former female recruiters. Unfortunately, policymakers are woefully behind the curve, still mostly seeing radical women as a curiosity and lumping all programs to counter violent extremism together rather than having science-driven solutions that are sensitive to gender.

This is a particularly stark omission given that the history of terrorism is rife with women, including one of the very first terrorists —Vera Zasulich, a member of Narodnaya Volya, the anarchist People’s Will — who attempted to assassinate the chief of police of St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1878. European terrorist groups in the 1960s and the 1970s were teeming with women, some even in positions of leadership.

Women have also played renowned roles in terrorist groups here in the United States. For instance, the Weather Underground, a 1970s-era far-left group responsible for a series of bombings, was co-founded by a woman.

More recent incidents on the far left demonstrate that the North American trend is not limited to QAnon. In September, a Canadian woman was arrested and accused of mailing ricin to Trump; later that month, a Black Lives Matter-affiliated activist was arrested after she drove a car into a crowd of counterprotesters. Most recently, two women were arrested in Washington state and accused of attempting to derail trains to oppose the construction of oil pipelines in solidarity with indigenous communities in Canada.

Though women internationally are estimated to be a third to more than half of all suicide bombers, such as 53 percent of suicide bombers for Nigeria’s Boko Haram, it is crucial to appreciate that women might be less visible in the U.S. but are nevertheless engaged behind the scenes. These roles have often not gotten the attention they warrant, as is the case with women in so many arenas, which affects funding for women-focused programs, research and policy formation to counter violent extremism.

As the country continues to fracture and political violence is seen more and more as a legitimate form of activism, acts of terrorism perpetrated by women are increasingly likely. Fortunately, our understanding of female terrorists has improved in recent years as more people study the phenomenon and journalists stop assuming that women lack agency.

Still, we are far from prepared. We need to explore more fully the psychology of women who fight and from that consider specific counterterrorism measures. These might include programs for middle school girls recognizing that girls and boys do not mature at the same age or absorb materials the same way, or the use of gaming platforms more popular with female players and thus useful in dissuading them from radicalization. We need to imagine the possibility of an all-female terrorist organization and whether it can pose threats that all-male armies do not.

In counterterrorism, we have a tendency to underestimate threats until they overrun the battlefield. The growing role of women in domestic terrorism is one of several emerging trends that policymakers, law enforcement and intelligence agencies much watch closely so we are not caught unaware once again.

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It is surprising how many gullible people there are out there. This seems to be how Brainwashing works. We cannot prove that it is Roger Stone who is responsible, but We certainly have him as our only suspect. Until this group is exposed exposed and destroyed, many families with unstable parents and children will continue to be destroyed.

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Life amid the ruins
of QAnon: ‘I wanted
my family back’

An epidemic of conspiracy theories,
fanned by social media and self-serving
politicians, is tearing families apart.

By Greg Jaffe and Jose A. Del RealFeb. 23, 2021

She bought ammunition, camping gear, a water purifier and boxes of canned food. Then, Tyler’s mother started wearing a holstered pistol around the house, convinced that 10 days of unrest and mass power outages were coming.

The chaos would culminate, she assured her son, in former president Donald Trump’s triumphant return to power on March 4, the original Inauguration Day before the passage of the 20th Amendment in 1932.

Tyler, 24, had been living with his mother an hour north of Minneapolis since he graduated college in 2019. The paranoia and fear that had engulfed his home had become unbearable in the months since Trump began to falsely claim that the 2020 election had been stolen from him.

“Any advice for dealing with a qanon parent who thinks ww3 will happen during the inauguration?” Tyler asked last month on r/QAnonCasualties, a fast-growing Reddit group for those whose loved ones have been consumed by the bizarre and byzantine universe of baseless conspiracy theories known as QAnon.

“Do they have weapons?” one of the site’s moderators asked.

“Yep. A lot of them,” Tyler replied. “I would leave, but I don’t have anywhere to go.” He said he couldn’t imagine cutting ties to his mother.

In Washington, rioters, inflamed by unfounded allegations of a stolen election, had stormed the Capitol leaving five dead and triggering the impeachment of a president. Far from Washington, the falsehoods that had whipped so many into a frenzy were wreaking a different sort of chaos; one that was tearing families apart.

Family members spoke of their loved ones as if they were cult members or drug addicts, sucked in by social media companies and self-serving politicians who warped their views of reality. They begged and bargained with parents and partners to put down their phones for just a few days in the hope that the spell might be interrupted and they might return to their old selves.

[From QAnon to WallStreetBets: The rise of the online mob]

To some it seemed as if the United States was gripped by an epidemic of conspiracy theories.

The anguish was playing out behind closed doors in therapists’ offices, where overwhelmed family members were seeking advice. And it was painfully clear on QAnonCasualties, the Reddit group where Tyler had turned for support.

The group offered a rough barometer of the growing turmoil. Since last summer it had grown from about 10,000 members to more than 130,000 in the days after Joe Biden’s inauguration.

Each day there was a flood of new posts:

A woman in Chattanooga, Tenn., was just days away from moving out of the house she and her partner bought five years earlier. “I feel like I’m in a twisted black mirror episode that’s lasting WAY too long,” she wrote. “I feel hopeless that we will ever get back to the beautiful life we shared in our lovely home.”

A woman in Palm Beach, Fla., had gone two weeks without speaking to her mother and was starting to wonder if the rift was irreparable. “I grieve for her every day as if she is dead,” she wrote.

A teenager in Annapolis, Md., worried that she no longer “knew” her father. “I’ve come to the breaking point,” she confessed. “My heart goes out to everyone else in this situation. It really sucks.”

Tyler, alone in his bedroom, read many of the new posts, hoping that they would help him make sense of his mother’s beliefs.Sometimes it felt as if every conversation with his mom and her new husband circled back to Trump-related conspiracies.

[QAnon reshaped Trump’s party and radicalized believers]

To protect his family’s anonymity, The Washington Post is only using Tyler’s first name. In an email, his mother blamed her son for the tension in the house, writing that he was disrespectful and refused to look for work after leaving his job earlier this year. She added that she “never even heard of Qanon until very recently” and doesn’t “follow it,” but declined to discuss why she had begun purchasing survival gear and whether she believed Trump would return to the White House in March. “My beliefs about Trump are actually none of your business,” she wrote.

Tyler said he and his mother discussed QAnon one time; a bizarre conversation in which his mother insisted that QAnon prophecies were the product of artificial intelligence. He described an atmosphere of growing conspiracy and fear that pervaded his home. “It started a month before the election,” Tyler said in an interview, “and it kept growing until it felt like she was preaching the Bible to me.”

At first she insisted that Trump, not Biden, would be inaugurated on Jan. 20, and for a while Tyler held out hope that Biden’s swearing-in would jolt his mother back into reality. She would put away her gun and life would return to normal. But, the ceremony in Washington seemed to make little difference at his house in Minnesota.

“She’s waiting for March 4th now,” he wrote.

“What’s March 4th?” asked one of the QAnonCasualties group members.

“Trump’s inauguration as new world president,” Tyler replied, referring to a common belief among some QAnon followers that it represented the true Inauguration Day as set out in the Constitution.

Tyler worried that he might not be able to wait that long for his mother to snap out of the spell.

The first QAnonCasualties post went up on July 4, 2019, some two years after the conspiracy’s unidentified online originator, known as Q, baselessly claimed that Trump was secretly leading a war against an elite cabal of pedophiles who controlled Washington, Hollywood and the world.

By that point, QAnon was no longer just an online phenomenon in which the group’s most fanatical adherents called for hanging traitors and waited for the “Storm,” an awakening that would reveal the true breadth of evil in America. Some followers had begun showing up at Trump rallies wearing T-shirts and holding signs advertising their cause.

[QAnon true-believers say their faith is unshaken, despite Biden inauguration]

“My mom has been into QAnon since it got started,” wrote the QAnonCasualties founder, who has since deactivated his Reddit account. “The ignorance, bigotry and refusal to question the ‘plan’ has only gotten worse over time. I’m always torn between stopping communication with her because it only seems to make me feel terrible, and feeling like it’s my responsibility to lead her back to reality.”

The founder described his experience with his mother as “exhausting, sad, scary, demoralizing” and invited members to vent or share coping strategies.

Other Reddit groups, such as r/Qult_Headquarters, were dedicated to discrediting and mocking the growing conspiracy. QAnonCasualties, the group’s founder wrote, was intended to be a “comforting place.”

“Thank the f—ing stars I found you guys,” replied one of the first to join. “Today has been hard.”

“My mother is a hard-core believer,” wrote another. “I found her Twitter account handle and I am horrified and embarrassed. Who is this person?”

Like many conspiracy theories, QAnon supplied a good-versus-evil narrative into which complicated world events could be easily incorporated. “Especially during the pandemic, Q provided a structure to explain what was going on,” said Mike Rothschild, author of “The Storm Is Upon Us,” which documents QAnon’s rise.

And it offered believers a sense of meaning and purpose. “We want to believe that we matter enough [that someone wants] to crush us,” Rothschild said. “It’s comforting to think that the New World Order would single us out for destruction.”

A big part of what made it novel was that it was interactive, allowing its followers to take part in the hunt for clues as if they were playing a video game. Social media algorithms, built to capture and keep consumers’ attention, helped expand the pool of hardcore believers by leading curious individuals to online groups of believers and feeding them fresh QAnon conspiracy theories.

Unlike other online conspiracy theories, it also had the blessing of some top Republicans, such as Trump, who embraced the movement in the hope that he could channel believers’ rabid, and sometimes violent, passions for political gain. “It’s a bet that they can control this insurgency and use it to defeat their opposition and retain control,” said Lawrence Rosenthal, chair of the Berkeley Center for Right-Wing Studies. “The bet is we can ride this tiger. And sometimes, as in Germany and Italy, you can get eaten by the tiger.”

The same news events that inflamed QAnon followers’ passions often produced simultaneously big spikes in QAnonCasualties’s membership rolls.

On the day the news media declared Biden the winner of the 2020 election, the online support group added 2,500 new members, according to Reddit. More than 6,000 joined in the days after the Capitol riots, and another 7,300 people signed up in the hours after Biden was inaugurated.

Some family members who flocked to the site wondered if they were partially to blame for their loved one’s descent into madness. “I know that disengaging with [my sister] as our beliefs began to diverge is why she turned to Q in the first place,” a 33-year-old woman from Maryland wrote on QAnonCasualties. “Still I will just never understand.”

Others sought out advice and coping strategies. “How should I handle my relationship with my Dad after I leave home?” asked an 18-year-old from Tampa, whose father believed that Bill Gates and other globalists were going to use the coronavirus vaccine to implant microchips in unsuspecting Americans. “I still love the man and part of the reason this has me so torn up is that I feel I may lose him for good.”

The tens of thousands flocking to QAnonCasualties represented only a subset of the pain sweeping the country. A late-January American Enterprise Institute survey found that 15 percent of Americans believed that “Trump has been secretly fighting a group of child sex traffickers that include prominent Democrats and Hollywood elites.”

Some psychologists likened the spread of QAnon and the increase in conspiratorial thinking to a global pandemic. “I’ve been practicing for 30 years and this feels very different,” said Nancy Molitor, a clinical psychologist in Chicago and assistant professor at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine. “There have always been cults, but this one is a doozy.”

In Nashville, a group of about 200 mental health therapists recently set aside time to discuss how to handle QAnon believers. One therapist said she was fighting the urge to tell a QAnon believer who had come for marriage counseling that his views were wrong, said Lisa Henderson, a licensed professional counselor and expert with the American Counseling Association, who took part in the discussion. A better approach, the group determined, was to try to figure out why the QAnon spouse was drawn to the conspiracy theory.

On QAnonCasualties, family members worried that mental health counselors might dismiss their fears or conclude that they had lost touch with reality.

“I am now going to my first therapy appointment to deal with this and I have no idea how to talk to my therapist without sounding like I’m completely crazy,” a middle school teacher from Wichita wrote in early February after cutting off contact with her mother. “Has anyone else gone to therapy for this? I’m so broken hearted because I currently have no blood relatives that I can speak to. I’m so tired.”

The woman, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to preserve her relationship with family, said in an interview that she met with the therapist the next day. She described her mother’s predictions of mass arrests, fears of rampant pedophilia and worries about political violence.

And she shared the pain that their estrangement had caused her.

Fortunately, she said, the therapist was familiar with QAnon. “She nodded,” the woman said in an interview, “and gave me the sign of the cross.”

In the days after the Capitol riots, Tyler began spending more and more time messaging with people he had met on QAnonCasualties.

As a child, Tyler said he was diagnosed with Asperger’s syndrome, a mild form of autism. In 2019, he graduated from a local university with a degree in manufacturing engineering. In early January, he quit his job with a local manufacturer, hoping to find something that required a college degree. He was living at home.

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So the sooner Joe Biden declares open war against QANON, the better off the entire world will be.

Human Currency

The plague has brought many changes, life is change, and much hardship and loss has accompanied it. Loss of loved ones, loss of homes, loss of employment, loss of income/investments and loss of peace of mind and communities. “Each ending is also a new beginning.” It has caused many to reflect upon their former lives as they ponder the present. Some even worry about their future, even though you should all know that worry only makes every situation worse! To breed doubts about yourself and God and the world and your place within it is just another form of plague you are all better off without.

So there will be an end soon to this current plague as more humans are vaccinated. This present pondering of the world created by humans has exposed much that had been overlooked. For many years now We (The Servants Of The Light), have scolded many for their support of currency slavery upon Earth. “Stop paying all your bills!”, “There is no such thing as debt!” We decried. Now more and more of you bear witness to the evils of currency slavery. Rampant privatization means expenses which are costs to be offset by fees. It is a vicious circle. Perhaps this immediate short-term suffering will yield long-term benefits? We certainly hope so. Now so many of you are aware of the futility of creating debt that it must be apparent that change means ridding the Earth of it.

We have stated often that humans only require resources and labour to accomplish everything and currency for nothing. Fabricated currency in all of it’s expressions is in of itself utterly worthless as it only represents a value you invent and impose upon it. This is a condition of Level Zero civilization. So… worthless shiney metals, worthless shiney stones, worthless privately mass-manufactured tiny strips covered in cartoons; are all used as a substitute for labour. Soon the Private Central Banking Cabal and the Demonic face of the I.M.F. Cartel are going to expose their hand when they demand “repayment” and the “austerity” dirge will echo across your world.

The good news is that you created it and you can therefore end it. This is the positive long-term change We speak of. There is nothing of greater value than a single human life. Each one of you has the ability to envision and the intent to create new things as well as the labour required to utilize all resources. When you all realize this, you will see a different world. You will recognize the absurdity of the Level Zero Civilization and demand something better.

It is imperative that the First Planetary Council of Earth be created soon. Elected representatives from First World, Second World, Third World and Fourth World Nations. Scientists such as physicists, engineers, biologists etc. as well as Environmentalists elected to the council by the Gloabal body of their peers. Only then will it be possible to end country internment and currency slavery on Earth. After the Global State has been established, it will be the sole holder of all assets on Earth. When there is no loner any private ownership of resources, property, vehicles or businesses; there will be no more debts or fees or any other form of taxation or demands. Service to the state (the sole employer) is service to each other. So the plague is a short-term suffering that help to end much suffering in the near future.

A world with no more poverty or wealth or homelessness or lacking of anything for each human. Finally an end to privatization and the debt and the fear, shame and lies it spawns.

Donald J. Trump Is The Winner Of THE WORLD’S BIGGEST LOSER AWARD

The New Global Communist Party is positively thrilled to proclaim Donald J. Trump as the winner of the “WORLD’S BIGGEST LOSER AWARD”. There simply was no competition for him in 2020. It was not enough to satisfy Donald Trump to lose the Presidential Election of The United States of America in 2020. Always one to do things in a big way, he had to follow this humiliating loss with 59 straight court losses in a row. What a truly colossal loser! It will be remembered by almost everybody as the single greatest event of 2020 (next to the Covid-19 vaccine). The prize is a ‘Homemade Crown’ a simple set of instruction for Trump to follow.

1 Defecate in hands

2 Rub all over your head

The most humorous part is that soon Donald J. Trump will continue this losing streak in 2021 with the largest number of Civil Court losses in a row. Probably the greatest number incurred by any single individual in American history! He is going to be sued by State Governments, City Governments, Corporations and businesses as well as an avalanche of class-action lawsuits by citizens. His assets will be frozen and eventually seized to repay preferred creditors followed by civil action losses.

He cannot pardon himself from this nor can he pardon himself from “future crimes he has yet to be convicted of.” He will soon be arrested and declared legally insane (nobody can grant him a pardon for that) as well as deemed a threat to National Security. Trump will spend is Golden Years locked within a Federal High Security Lunatic Asylem.

WORLD’S BIGGEST LOSER

It looks like Donald J. Trump is already in the running and a serious contender to win this same award this year for 2021, if he lives long enough. Odds are he will most likely commit suicide sometime soon.